Tablet formulation of aqueous leaf extract of Annona muricata and its potential in the management of diabetes ormulation en comprimés d'un extrait aqueux de feuilles d'Annona muricata et son potentiel dans la prise en charge du diabète
Main Article Content
Abstract
ENGLISH
Background: Diabetes mellitus is a chronic and prevalent metabolic disease affecting individuals across all age groups. Studies show that plant-based antidiabetic medications are effective in the management of diabetes.
Objectives: The aim of this study was to develop a novel oral tablet formulation from the aqueous leaf extract of Annona muricata (AMALE), evaluate its physico-technical properties and blood glucose lowering capacity.
Methods: Powder blends of extract with Avicel ® , corn starch/magnesium carbonate were prepared for direct tablet compression. Flow characteristics and moisture content of the blends were evaluated. Optimized compressed tablets were evaluated for uniformity of weight, hardness, friability and disintegration. Blood glucose lowering capacity of the AMALE and its tablet formulations were investigated in diabetic rats and compared with Glibenclamide.
Results: AMALE elicited 79.80% reduction in blood glucose while Glibenclamide showed 68.84% reduction. The combination of AMALE and Glibenclamide gave 56.59% reduction. Powder blend of AMALE, Avicel ® and corn starch was non-hygroscopic and free-flowing. Optimized formulated tablets had uniform weights, moderate hardness (3.78 kgF), low friability (0.17%) and rapid disintegration (2.15 sec). The tablets gave 71.42% reduction in blood glucose with minimal effect on body weight.
Conclusion: A unique tablet formulation of AMALE with significant blood glucose lowering potential has been successfully developed.
FRANCE
Background: Diabetes mellitus is a widespread, chronic metabolic disease affecting people of all ages. Studies show that herbal antidiabetic medications are effective in managing diabetes.
Objectives: The aim of this study is to develop a new oral tablet formulation from the aqueous extract of Annona muricata leaves (AMALE), to evaluate its physico-technical properties and its ability to reduce blood glucose.
Methods: Powdered extract mixtures with Avicel® and corn starch/magnesium carbonate were prepared for direct tablet compression. The flow characteristics and moisture content of the mixtures were evaluated. The uniformity of weight, hardness, friability, and disintegration of the optimized tablets were assessed. The hypoglycemic capacity of AMALE and its tablet formulations was studied in diabetic rats and compared to that of glibenclamide.
Results: AMALE resulted in a 79.80% reduction in blood glucose, while glibenclamide resulted in a 68.84% reduction. The combination of AMALE and glibenclamide resulted in a 56.59% reduction. The mixture of AMALE powder, Avicel®, and corn starch was non-hygroscopic and free-flowing. The optimized formulated tablets had uniform weight, moderate hardness (3.78 kgF), low friability (0.17%), and rapid disintegration (2.15 sec). The tablets resulted in a 71.42% reduction in blood glucose with minimal effect on body weight.
Conclusion: A unique AMALE-based tablet formulation with significant potential for blood glucose reduction has been successfully developed.
Downloads
Article Details
Issue
Section
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
How to Cite
Share
References
1. World Health Organisation (WHO). Global Burden of Disease Collaborative Network. Global Burden of Disease Study 2021. Results. Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, 2024. (https://vizhub.healthdata.org/gbd-results/). Accessed October 8, 2025
2. Agu KC, Eluehike N, Ofeimun RO, Abile D, Ideho G, Ogedengbe MO, Onose PO, Elekofehinti OO (2019). Possible Anti-Diabetic Potentials of Annona muricata (Soursop): Inhibition of A-Amylase and aGlucosidase Activities. Clin Phytoscience 5(21): 1-13.
3. Adugna BY, Adinew GM, Getahun KA, Gurmu AE, Berhie AY, Awoke T, Desta GT (2022). Evaluation of the Antidiabetic Activity of Hydromethanolic Roots Extracts of Rumex abyssinicus jacq: (polygonaceae) in swiss albino mice. Hindawi eCAM Article ID 5193250, 1-11.
4. Saeedi P, Petersohn I, Salpea P, Malanda B,Karuranga S, Unwin N, Colagiuri S, Guariguata L, Motala AA, Ogurtsova K, Shaw JE, Bright D, Williams R (2019). Global and Regional Diabetes Prevalence Estimates for 2019 and Projections for 2030 and 2045: Results from the International Diabetes Federation Diabetes Atlas 9th Edition. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 157: 107843.
5. Kooti W, Farokhipour M, Asadzadeh Z, AshtaryLarky D, Asadi-Samani M (2016). The Role of Medicinal Plants in the Treatment of Diabetes: A
systematic Review. Electron Phys 8(1): 1832-1842.
6. Abdul Wahab SM, Jantan I, Haque MA, Arshad L (2018). Exploring the Leaves of Annona muricata L. as a Source of Potential Anti-inflammatory and Anticancer Agents. Front Pharmacol 9(661): 1-20.
7. Zubaidi SN, Mohd Nani H, Ahmad Kamal MS, Abdul Qayyum T, Maarof S, Afzan A, Mohmad Misnan N, Hamezah HS, Baharum SN, Mediani A (2023). Annona muricata: Comprehensive Review on the Ethnomedicinal, Phytochemistry, and Pharmacological Aspects Focusing on Antidiabetic Properties. Life 13(353): 1-29.
8. Opara PO, Enemor VHA, Eneh FU, Emengaha FC (2021). Blood Glucose - Lowering Potentials of Annona muricata Leaf Extract in Alloxan-induced Diabetic Rats. Euro Journal Bio & BIotech 2(2): 106-113.
9. Moghadamtousi S, Fadaeinasab M, Nikzad S, Mohan G, Ali H, Kadir H (2015). Annona muricata (Annonaceae): A Review of its Traditional Uses, Isolated Acetogenins and Biological Activities. International Journal Mol Sci 16(7): 15625-15658.
10. Rady I, Bloch MB, Chamcheu RN, Banang Mbeumi S, Anwar MR, Mohamed H, Babatunde AS, Kuiate JR, Noubissi FK, El Sayed KA, Whitfield GK, Chamcheu JC (2018). Anticancer Properties of Graviola (Annona muricata): A Comprehensive Mechanistic Review. Oxid Med Cell Longev 1-39.
11. Mutakin M, Fauziati R, Fadhilah FN, Zuhrotun A, Amalia R, Hadisaputri YE (2022). Pharmacological Activities of Soursop (A. muricata Lin.). Mol 27: 1201.
12. Ngueguim FT, Benoit MZ, Jonas K, Alexandra T, Désiré DDP, Pierre K, Théophile D (2014). Antidiabetic and Antioxidant Effects of Annona
muricata (Annonaceae), Aqueous Extract on Streptozotocin-induced Diabetic Rats. Journal Ethnopharmacol 151(2): 784-790.
13. Justino AB, Miranda NC, Franco RR, Martins MM, Maria da Silav N, Espindola FS (2018). Annona muricata Linn. Leaf as a Source of Antioxidant Compounds with In vitro Antidiabetic and Inhibitory Potential Against α-amylase, α-glucosidase, lipase, Non-enzymatic Glycation and Lipid Peroxidation. Biomed Pharmacother 100: 83-92.
14. Alwan IA, Lim V, Samad NA, Widyawati T, Yusoff NA (2020). Effect of Annona muricata L. on Metabolic Parameters in Diabetes Mellitus: A systematic Review. Curr Res Nutr Food Sci 8(1): 1-11.
15. Dewi SN, Handayani SI, Stephanie M, Nurbaya S, Prasasty VD (2020). Assessment of the Annona muricata Leaf Ethanol Extract effect on the Diameter of Pancreatic Islets in Alloxan-induced Mice. Online Journal Biol Sci 20(1): 50-56.
16. Chinedu-Ndukwe PA, Okwuolisa JK (2021). Possible Potency of Annona muricata L. Methanol Leaf Extract in Ameliorating Pancreatic Cell Function in Alloxan-induced Diabetic Mice. Afr Sci 22(3): 97-104.
17. Okorie I, Ndubisi CG, Onwuchekwa AI, Adesanmi RA, Nnam N (2021). Effect of Mixed Aqueous Extracts of Allium sativum, Annona muricata and Cymbopogon citratus Leaves on the Blood Glucose and Lipid Profile of Hyperglycemic Rats. Oxi Antiox Med Sci 10(8): 16-23.
18. Lorke D (1983). A new Approach to Practical Acute Toxicity Testing. Arch. Toxicol 54: 275-287.
19. Amarachukwu OS, Chisom OC, Iwuji SC, Nnanta NGI, Oladimeji AT (2023). In-vitro Antidiabetic Assessment of Bioactive Phytochemicals in Locally Used Mango and Soursop Leaves. Pharmacol Rep 7(2): 1-5.
20. Hikmah N, Dewi A, Shita P, Maulana H (2015). Diabetic Blood Glucose Level Profile with Stratified Dose Streptozotocin (sd-stz) and Multi Low Dose Streptozotocin (mld-stz) Induction Methods. Journal Trop Life Sci 5: 30-34.
21. Merwe J, Steenekamp J, Steyn D, Hamman J (2020). The Role of Functional Excipients in Solid Oral Dosage Forms to Overcome Poor Drug Dissolution and Bioavailability. Pharm 12(5): 393.
22. Juarez-Enriquez E, Olivas GI, Zamudio-Flores PB, Ortega-Rivas E, Perez-Vega S, Sepulveda DR (2017). Effect of Water Content on the Flowability of Hygroscopic Powders. Journal Food Eng 205: 2-7.
23. Mohammadi MS, Harnby N (1997). Bulk Density Modelling as a Means of Typifying the Microstructure and Flow Characteristics of Cohesive
Powders. Powder Technol 92: 1-8.
24. VodáIková P, Vraníková B, SvaIinová P, Aleš F, Jan E, Jan M, Roman K, Tomaš, S (2018). Evaluation and Comparison of Three Types of Spray Dried Coprocessed Excipient Avicel® for Direct Compression. Biomed Res International 2739428: 1-15.
25. Xu G, Ping L, Minghui L, Cai L, Pan X, Daoyin L, Xiaoping C (2017). Investigation on Characterization of Powder Flowability using Different Testing Methods. Exp Therm Fluid Sci: 1-11.
26. Adebayo WA, Ogunsina BS, Taiwo KA, Chidoziri PO (2021). Studies on some Physico-chemical and Engineering Properties of Musa spp (ABB) Starch flour. Africa Journal Food Sci 15(7): 289-297.
27. United States Pharmacopoeia National Formulary (2015) USP 38/NF 33, United States Pharmacopoeia Convention. Rockville, MD, USA.
28. Chaturvedi H, Ayush G, Rathore US (2017). Postcompression evaluation parameters for tablets-An overview. Euro Journal Pharm & Med Res 4(11): 526-530.
29. Noor S, Salam FBA, Hima HN, Bhuiyan MSI, Chowdhury S (2017). Comparative in-vitro quality evaluation of some brands of metronidazole tablet available in Bangladesh. Int J. App Res 3(7): 753-758.