Haematopoiesis-stimulating activity of Tapinanthus globiferus on cyclophosphamide-induced immunosuppression in albino rats

Main Article Content

Olusegun S. Ajala
Sefunmi P. Akinseye

Abstract

Background: Immunostimulation is a valuable but under-utilised alternative to conventional antimicrobial and anticancer chemotherapies. Optimum immunostimulation is a function of adequate haematopoiesis as against mere leucocyte proliferation. The immunostimulatory potentials of the African mistletoe, Tapinanthus globiferus, could be conjectured based on morphological and chemotaxonomic association with its European counterpart Viscum album, an established immunostimulant.


Objective: This study investigated the phytochemicals in the methanol leaf extract of Tapinanthus globiferus, its acute toxicity, and stimulatory effects on White Blood Cell (WBC), Red Blood Cell (RBC), and Platelet (PLT) counts.


Methods: Crude methanol leaf extract of T. globiferus was screened for phytochemical constituents according to established procedures. Immunosuppression was induced (using 30mg/Kg cyclophosphamide) in twenty-five albino male rats randomly and equally distributed into five groups (1-5). Extract was administered for 14 days at 50 mg/Kg, 100 mg/Kg, and 150 mg/Kg doses to groups 3, 4 and 5 respectively, groups 1 and 2 receiving 5% tween 80 and levamisole respectively instead. Blood sample was collected from each rat before and after immunosuppression, and after the 14-day treatment regimen, followed by analysis for total and differential white WBC, RBC, and PLT counts.


Results: Saponins, reducing sugars, cardiac glycosides, phenolic compounds, tannins, flavonoids, steroids, anthraquinones, and terpenoids were confirmed present. There was a statistically significant increase in each of the total and differential WBC, RBC, and PLT counts compared to the negative control (p < 0.05).


Conclusion: Tapinanthus globiferus possesses immunostimulatory, erythropoietic, and thrombopoietic activities.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

Article Details

How to Cite
Ajala, O. S., & Akinseye, S. P. (2023). Haematopoiesis-stimulating activity of Tapinanthus globiferus on cyclophosphamide-induced immunosuppression in albino rats. West African Journal of Pharmacy, 33(2), 32-46. https://doi.org/10.60787/wapcp-33-2-265
Section
Articles

References

Hirakawa H, Kurushima J, Hashimoto Y, Tomita H (2020). Progress overview of bacterial twocomponent regulatory systems as potential targets for antimicrobial chemotherapy. Antibiotics, 9(10):635.

Horn D, Duraisingh MT (2014). Antiparasitic chemotherapy: from genomes to mechanisms. Annual Review of Pharmacology and Toxicology 54:71-94.

Dickens E, Ahmed S (2018). Principles of cancer treatment by chemotherapy. Surgery (Oxford) 36(3):134-8.

Gonzalez LC, Ghadaouia S, Martinez A, Rodier F (2016). Premature aging/senescence in cancer cells facing therapy: good or bad?. Biogerontology 17(1):71-87.

Emmenegger U, Man S, Shaked Y, Francia G, Wong JW, Hicklin DJ, Kerbel RS (2004). A comparative analysis of low-dose metronomic cyclophosphamide reveals absent or low-grade toxicity on tissues highly sensitive to the toxic effects of maximum tolerated dose regimens. Cancer Research 64(11):3994-4000.

Jantan I, Ahmad W, Bukhari SN (2015). Plant-derived immunomodulators: an insight on their preclinical evaluation and clinical trials. Frontiers in Plant Science 6:655.7. Williams BG, Dye C (2003). Antiretroviral drugs for tuberculosis control in the era of HIV/AIDS. Science

(5639):1535-7.

Ukpo G, Ogbonnia S, Ehianeta T, Bashir S (2013). Immunostimulatory and biochemical effects of ethanolic extract of Mangifera indica stem bark on dexamethasone-induced immunosuppressed male rats. International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences 5(2):569-72.

Manzia TM, Angelico R, Gazia C, Lenci I, Milana M, Ademoyero OT, Pedini D, Toti L, Spada M, Tisone G, Baiocchi L (2019). De novo malignancies after liver transplantation: The effect of immunosuppressionpersonal data and review of literature. World Journal of Gastroenterology 25(35):5356.

Anderson HL, Brodsky IE, Mangalmurti NS (2018). The evolving erythrocyte: red blood cells as modulators of innate immunity. The Journal of Immunology, 201(5):1343-1351.

Trzeciak-Ryczek A, Tokarz-Deptula B, Deptula W (2013). Platelets-an important element of the immune system. Polish Journal of Veterinary Sciences, 16(2):407-413.

Jayathirtha MG, Mishra SH (2004). Preliminary immunomodulatory activities of methanol extracts of Eclipta alba and Centella asiatica. Phytomedicine 11(4):361-5.

Kumolosasi E, Ibrahim SN, Shukri SM, Ahmad W (2018). Immunostimulant activity of standardised extracts of Mangifera indica leaf and Curcuma domestica rhizome in mice. Tropical Journal of Pharmaceutical Research 17(1):77-84.

Tabe NN, Ushie OA, Jones BB, Kendenson AC, Muktar M, Ojeka CU (2019). Phytochemical Analysis of Methanolic Extract of Mistletoe Leaf. International Journal of Advanced Research in Chemical Science 5(7):7-11.

Mann A, Ifarajimi OR, Adewoye AT, Ukam C, Udeme EE, Okorie II, Sakpe MS, Ibrahim DR, Yahaya YA, Kabir AY, Ogbadoyi EO (2011). In vivo antitrypanosomal effects of some ethnomedicinal plants from Nupeland of north central Nigeria. African Journal of Traditional, Complementary and Alternative Medicines 8(1): 15-21

Adekunle AS, Oyewo BE, Afolabi OK (2012). Therapeutic efficacy of Tapinanthus globiferus on acetaminophen induced nephrotoxicity, inflammatory reactions and oxidative stress in albino rats. International Research Journal of Biochemistry and Bioinformatics 2(2):41-5.

Adekunle AS, Oluba A, Babatola LJ, Kamdem JP, Adesokan A (2014). Antiatherogenic, hypolipidemic and anti-inflammatory benefits of black tea and Zanthoxylum zanthoxyloid. British Journal of Medicine and Medical Research 4(9):1923-37.

Misra LN, Wouatsa NV, Kumar S, Kumar RV, Tchoumbougnang F (2013). Antibacterial, cytotoxic activities and chemical composition of fruits of two Cameroonian Zanthoxylum species. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 148(1):74-80.

Kelter G, Schierholz JM, Fischer IU, Fiebig HH (2007). Cytotoxic activity and absence of tumor growth stimulation of standardized mistletoe extracts in human tumor models in vitro. Anticancer Research 27(1A):223-33.

Wahab OM, Ayodele AE, Moody JO (2010). TLC phytochemical screening in some Nigerian Loranthaceae. Journal of Pharmacognosy and

Phytotherapy 2(5):64-70.

Auwal MS, Saka S, Mairiga IA, Sanda KA, Shuaibu A, Ibrahim A (2014). Preliminary phytochemical and elemental analysis of aqueous and fractionated pod extracts of Acacia nilotica (Thorn mimosa). Veterinary research forum: an International Quarterly Journal 5(2):95-100.

National Research Council. (2010). Guide for the care and use of laboratory animals. Washington, DC: National Academy Press.

Lorke D (1983). A new approach to practical acute toxicity testing. Archives of toxicology 54(4):275-87.

Kabiru M, Usman M, Manga SB, Opaluwa SA, Nura A, Spencer TH (2017). Phytochemical screening and antibacterial activity of the crude extract and fractions of Tapinanthus globiferus leaves on the bacterial isolates of wound. World Journal of Pharmaceutical Research 6(7):209-38.

Borokini TI, Ayodele AE (2012). Phytochemical screening of Tacca leontopetaloides (L.) Kuntze collected from four geographical locations in Nigeria. International Journal of Modern Botany 2(4):97-102.

Osadebe PO, Okide GB, Akabogu IC (2004). Study on anti-diabetic activities of crude methanolic extracts of Loranthus micranthus (Linn.) sourced from five different host trees. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 95(2-3):133-8.

Omeje E, Osadebe PO, Okoyea FB, Agwu AK, Esimone CO (2008). Immunomodulation and Nigerian mistletoe immunomodulatory activities of n-hexane and methanol extracts of Loranthus micranthus Linn. parasitic on Parkia biglobosa. Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Medicine 1(3):48-54.

Loomis TA, Hayes AW (1996). Loomis's essentials of toxicology In: Numbers in toxicology, 4th edn. Elsevier, pp 25.

Kuethe JW, Mintz-Cole R, Johnson III BL, Midura EF, Caldwell CC, Schneider BS (2014). Assessing the immune status of critically ill trauma patients by flow cytometry. Nursing research 63(6):426.

Chowdhury MA, Hossain N, Kashem MA, Shahid MA, Alam A (2020). Immune response in COVID-19: A review. Journal of Infection and Public Health 13(11):1619-29.

Boule. Hematology analyzers: 3-part or 5-part, that is the question (2019). Available at: https://boule.com/knowledgecenter/literature/whitepaper-3p-or-5p-hematology-analyzers/ Accessed Jan 2, 2021.

Ukpo GE, Ehianeta TS, Adegoke AY, Salako OA (2013). Evaluation of the haematological and biochemical effects of Averon®, A herbal formulation, against cyclophosphamide-induced immunomodulated male rats. International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research 4(9):3556-62.

Diwanay S, Chitre D, Patwardhan B (2004). Immunoprotection by botanical drugs in cancer chemotherapy. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 90(1):49-55.

Olusi SO, Jessop WJ, Shoroye A (1979). Effects of levamisole on the immune responses of experimentally malnourished rats. Pediatric Research 13(11):1237-9.

Al-Mamary MA (2002). Antioxidant activity of commonly consumed vegetables in Yemen. Malaysian Journal of Nutrition 8:179-189.

Imoru JO, Eno AE, Unoh FB, ENkanu E, Ofem OE, Ibu JO (2005). Haematopoietic agents in the crude extractsfrom the leaves of Viscum album (mistletoe) Nigerian Journal of Health and Biomedical Sciences 4(2):139-145.

Olusola L, Matthew O, Oluwatosin A (2015). Comparative study on the effects of aqueous extracts of viscum album (mistletoe) from three host plants on hematological parameters in albino rats. African Health Sciences 15(2):606-12.

Abubakar H, Musa AM, Abdullahi MI, Mzozoyana V, Yusuf AJ (2020). Isolation and characterization of some flavonoids from the leaf of Tapinanthus globiferus growing on Vitex doniana. Brazilian Journal of Biological Sciences, 7(17): 239-245.

Emaikwu V, Ndukwe IG, Mohammed R, Iyun ORA, Anyam JV (2020). Isolation and Characterization of Lupeol from the Stem of Tapinanthus globiferus (A Rich.) and its Antimicrobial Assay. Journal of Applied Sciences and Environmental Management, 24(6), 1015-1020.

Similar Articles

You may also start an advanced similarity search for this article.