The West African Journal of Pharmacy is an open access quarterly journal allowing free unlimited access to abstract and full-text. The journal is designed to foster multi-displinary research and collaboration among pharmaceutical scientists, practising pharmacists, pharmaceutical industries and the healthcare sector, as well as provide an international forum for the communication and evaluation of data, communication and opinions in pharmacy practice and related disciplines. All manuscripts are subject to rapid peer review on the strict condition that have not been previously published or are under consideration for publication or in press.
Investigation of herb-drug interaction between MAMA powder herbal antimalarial remedy and amodiaquine, chloroquine, artesunate in murine malaria
ENGLISH Background: Antimalarial herbal remedies are traditionally presented as infusions, decoctions and extracts. There is limited information on antimalarial herbal powder presentations. The outcomes of possible co-administration of MAMA POWDER (MP), a herbal powder listed for malaria treatment, with orthodox antimalarial drugs, had not been explored. Objectives: This study investigated MP as a reduced particle-sized powder, and its effects on amodiaquine (AQ), chloroquine (CQ), artesunate (AS) in mice. Methods: MAMA POWDER comprises the powdered stem bark of Alstonia boonei De Wild (Apocynaceae) and seed of Picralima nitida H Durand (Apocynaceae). The barks were milled, sieved (particle size, 180 μm), mixed and suspended in propylene glycol (50 %). This suspension was assessed on chloroquine-sensitive and chloroquine-resistant Plasmodium berghei strains in varying oral doses (0.39-100 mg/kg), using the chemosuppressive and curative antimalarial test models. Co-administration of MP with the orthodox drugs was similarly investigated as follows: (MP 1.56+AQ 10; MP 6.25+AQ 10), (MP 1.56+CQ 10; MP 6.25+CQ 10), (MP 1.56+AS 4; MP 6.25+AS 4) mg/kg. Results: MP suspension (6.25 mg/kg) exhibited considerable antimalarial chemosuppression (82 %) and it enhanced the activity of AQ (MP 6.25+AQ 10 mg/kg) in chloroquine-sensitive malaria infection (91 %). Significant antagonistic interactions were observed with the combinations of MP (1.56 mg/kg, 69%) and CQ (55.2 %) respectively. Conclusion: MP exhibited significant antimalarial activity. The potentiation of AQ and antagonism with CQ, suggested herb-drug interactions, which called for further investigation. FRENCH Contexte: Les remèdes antipaludiques à base de plantes se présentent traditionnellement sous forme d'infusions, de décoctions et d'extraits. Les informations sur les présentations de poudres antipaludiques à base de plantes sont limitées. Les effets d'une éventuelle co-administration de MAMA POWDER (MP), une poudre à base de plantes indiquée pour le traitement du paludisme, avec médicaments antipaludiques orthodoxes n'ont pas été étudiés. Objectifs: Par conséquent, cette étude a examiné le MP sous forme de poudre de taille de particules réduite et ses effets sur l'amodiaquine (AQ), la chloroquine (CQ) et l'artésunate (AS) chez la souris. Méthodes: MAMA POWDER comprend l'écorce de tige en poudre d'Alstonia boonei De Wild ( Apocynacées) et la graine de Picralima nitida H Durand (Apocynacées). Les écorces ont été broyées, tamisées (granulométrie : 180 µm), mélangées et mises en suspension dans du propylène glycol (50%). Cette suspension a été évaluée sur des souches de Plasmodium berghei sensibles et résistantes à la chloroquine à différentes doses orales (0,39-100mg/kg), en utilisant les modèles de test antipaludique chimiosuppresseur et curatif. La co-administration de MP avec les médicaments orthodoxes a également été étudiée de la manière suivante : (MP 1,56 + AQ 10 ; MP 6,25 + AQ 10), (MP 1,56 + CQ 10 ; MP 6,25 + CQ 10), (MP 1,56 + AS 4 ; MP 6,25 + AS 4) mg/kg. Résultats: La suspension de MP (6,25 mg/kg) a montré une chimio-suppression antipaludique considérable (82%) et a amélioré l'activité de l'AQ (MP 6,25 + AQ 10 mg/kg) dans l'infection paludique sensible à la chloroquine (91%). Des interactions antagonistes significatives ont été observées avec les combinaisons de MP (1,56 mg/kg, 69 %) et de CQ (55,2 %) respectivement. Conclusion: Le MP a montré une activité antipaludique significative. La potentialisation de l'AQ et l'antagonisme avec la CQ ont suggéré des interactions entre les plantes et les médicaments, ce qui nécessite des recherches plus approfondies.
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Isolation and characterization of compounds from Argemone mexicana L. (Papaveraceae) with Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor (PPAR) Modulatory Effects
ENGLISH Background: Argemone mexicana is used as emetic, demulcent, and laxative in folkloric medicine. This study aimed at isolating the chemical compounds and exploring the PPAR modulatory effects of isolated phytochemicals. Objective: The study was carried out to isolate the chemical compounds and to explore the PPAR modulatory effects of the isolated phytochemicals. Method: The leaves were collected, authenticated, and voucher specimen deposited at the University of Lagos herbarium, Nigeria. The leaves extracted with ethanol and extracts subjected to column chromatography on sephadex LH-20 and Silica gel. Structure lucidation were achieved by analyses of their 1-Dimensional and 2-Dimensional NMR. Reporter gene assay were performed on the extracts and isolated compounds for activation of PPARα and PPARγ. Result: Nine compounds were isolated from the ethanol extract of the plant, and were proposed to be: 1(1-(β-d-ribofuranosyl)-1H-1,2,4-triazone), 2a((Z)-2-(2,4-dihydroxy-2,6,6-trimethylcyclohexylidene) acetic acid), 2b(cis-3,6-dihydroxy-a-ionone), 3((E)-4-(r-1’,t-2’,c-4’-trihydroxy-2’,6’,6’- trimethylcyclohexyl) but-3-en-2-one), 4(Rhein), 5(Tamarexetin), 6(41-methoxylquercetin 3-β-D-glucoside), (Tamarixetin-3-O-β-D- robinoside) and 8(Palmitic acid). The extracts were found to activate PPARα with a fold induction of more than 2.0 over the vehicle control but a lower induction was observed with PPARα. The isolated compounds showed lower activation of PPARα and PPARγ. Conclusion: Three flavonoids, palmitic acid, Rhein, a triazole and three substituted cyclohexane were isolated, while the extract showed PPARα activation, the isolated compounds did not. These effect might be due to the synergistic effect of the constituents, thus the extract has more promising effect. FRENCH Contexte: L'Argemone mexicana est utilisé comme émétique, émollient et laxatif en médecine traditionnelle. Cette étude visait à isoler les composés chimiques et à explorer les effets modulateurs des PPAR des composés phytochimiques isolés. Méthode: Les feuilles ont été collectées, authentifiées et les spécimens de référence ont été déposés à l'herbier de l'Université de Lagos, au Nigéria. Les feuilles ont été extraites avec de l'éthanol et les extraits ont été soumis à une chromatographie en colonne sur du Sephadex LH-20 et de gel de silice. L'élucidation de la structure a été réalisée par des analyses de leur RMN 1 et 2 dimensions. Des tests de gènes rapporteurs ont été effectués sur les extraits et les composés isolés pour l'activation de PPARα et PPARγ. Résultat: Neuf composés ont été isolés de l'extrait éthanolique de la plante et ont été proposés comme étant : 1 (1-(β-d-ribofuranosyl)-1H-1,2,4-triazone), 2a((Z)-2-(2,4-dihydroxy-2,6,6-triméthylcyclohexylidène) acide acétique), 2b(cis-3,6-dihydroxy-a-ionone), 3((E)-4-(r-1’,t-2’,c-4’-trihydroxy-2’,6’,6’- triméthylcyclohexyl) but-3-en-2-one), 4(Rhein), 5(Tamarexétine), 6(41-méthoxyl q uercétine 3-β-D-glucoside), 7(Tamarixétine-3-O-β-D- robinoside) et 8(acide palmitique). Les extraits se sont avérés activer PPARα avec une induction de plus de 2,0 fois supérieure à celle du témoin du véhicule, mais une induction plus faible a été observée avec PPARα . Les composés isolés ont montré une activation plus faible de PPARα et PPARγ. Conclusion: Trois flavonoïdes, l'acide palmitique, le Rhein, un triazole et trois cyclohexanes substitués ont été isolés. Si l'extrait a montré une activation de PPARα, les composés isolés n'en ont pas montré. Ces effets pourraient être dus à l'effet synergique des constituants, l'extrait ayant donc un effet plus prometteur.
Hepato-protective activity of ethanol extract of Moringa oleifera leaves in acute rifampicin-induced hepatotoxicity
ENGLISH Background: Drugs are an important cause of liver injury. The use of natural remedies for the treatment of liver diseases has a long history, and medicinal plants are still used all over the world for this purpose. For their medicinal and nutritional values, the Moringa oleifera plant is of particular interest. Objective: In the current study, we aimed to explore the hepato-protective effects of ethanol extract of Moringa oleifera leaves in acute rifampicin-induced hepatotoxicity. Methods: Thirty mice (18-20 g) were randomly assigned into 6 groups (n = 5). Group I received normal saline only; groups II, III, IV, V, and VI were administered with single oral rifampicin 400 mg/kg, treated with normal saline, different doses of ethanol extract of Moringa oleifera (200, 400, and 800 mg/kg), and ascorbic acid, respectively. Serum levels of liver enzymes Alanine transaminase (ALT), Aspartate transaminase (AST), Alkaline phosphatase (ALP), catalase and superoxide dismutase (SOD) were measured in the serum. Furthermore, phytochemical constituents were also measured in the Moringa oleifera leaves extract. Results: Treatment with an ethanol extract of Moringa oleifera decreased liver enzyme levels and improved oxidative stress status in hepatotoxic mice in a dose-dependent manner. Conclusion: Normal levels of liver enzymes, an increase in total antioxidant capacity, and a decrease in lipid peroxidation level uncovered the hepatoprotective effects of the ethanol extract of Moringa oleifera. It seems the antioxidant and hepatoprotective effects of botanical extracts are basically linked with their phenol and flavonoid properties that neutralize oxidant agents. However, more studies are required to implement our strategy. FRENCH Contexte: Les médicaments sont une cause importante de lésions hépatiques. L'utilisation de remèdes naturels pour le traitement des maladies du foie a une longue histoire et les plantes médicinales sont encore utilisées à cette fin dans le monde entier. Pour ses valeurs médicinales et nutritionnelles, la plante Moringa oleifera présente un intérêt particulier. Objectif: Dans la présente étude, nous avons cherché à explorer les effets hépatoprotecteurs de l'extrait éthanolique de feuilles de Moringa oleifera dans l'hépatotoxicité aiguë induite par la rifampicine. Méthodes: Trente souris (18-20 g) ont été réparties au hasard en 6 groupes (n = 5). Le groupe I a reçu uniquement une solution saline normale ; les groupes II, III, IV, V et VI ont reçu une seule dose orale de rifampicine de 400 mg/kg, traités avec une solution saline normale, différentes doses d'extrait éthanolique de Moringa oleifera (200, 400 et 800 mg/kg) et de l'acide ascorbique, respectivement. Les taux sériques des enzymes hépatiques alanine transaminase, aspartate transaminase, lactate déshydrogénase et phosphatase alcaline, glutathion réduit (GSH), catalase, superoxyde dismutase et peroxydation lipidique sont mesurés dans le tissu hépatique à l'aide de kits spécifiques à la fin de la période expérimentale. En outre, les constituants phytochimiques ont également été mesurés dans l'extrait de feuille de Moringa oleifera. Résultats: Le traitement avec un extrait éthanolique de Moringa oleifera a diminué les niveaux d'enzymes hépatiques et amélioré l'état de stress oxydatif chez des souris hépatotoxiques de manière dose-dépendante. Conclusion: Des niveaux normaux d'enzymes hépatiques, une augmentation de la capacité antioxydante totale et une diminution du niveau de peroxydation lipidique ont mis en évidence les effets hépatoprotecteurs de l'extrait éthanolique de Moringa oleifera. Il semble que les effets antioxydants et hépatoprotecteurs des extraits botaniques soient essentiellement liés à leurs propriétés phénoliques et flavonoïdes qui neutralisent les agents oxydants. Cependant, des études supplémentaires sont nécessaires pour mettre en œuvre notre stratégie.
Evaluation of reproductive toxicity profile of ethanol stem-bark extract of Newbouldia laevis on hormonal profile and pregnancy outcome in Wistar rats
ENGLISH Background: The use of medicinal-plants for both curative and preventive-purposes has grown significantly throughout the world in recent years, although, contrary to conventional-therapy, herbal-medicine generally lacks detailed research on its safety and possible-risks. Objective: The side-effects of crude-extract of Newbouldia laevis stem-bark in non-pregnant and pregnant-rats were investigated. Methods: For the hormonal-profile study, thirty-two (32) male and (32) female rats were divided into four treatment-groups and treated with distilled-water and graded doses: 250, 500, and 1,000 mg/kg (selected based on LD50 result) of crude-extract of Newbouldia laevis stem-bark daily for 28 days. Blood-samples were collected on day 29 to evaluate FSH, LH, progesterone, and estrogen serum levels in females and FSH, LH, and testosterone in male rats. Forty (40) pregnant-rats were divided into 4 treatment-groups and treated orally for 14 days with distilled-water and crude-extract of Newbouldia laevis stem-bark (250, 500, and 1,000 mg/kg). On the 15th day, 5 rats were sacrificed from each group and opened up for evaluation of implantation-sites and the physical-appearances of the fetuses. The remaining five rats were left until parturition for pregnancy-outcome evaluations. Results: Oral-administration of Newbouldia laevis stem-bark decreased progesterone, estrogen and LH levels in female rats with increased FSH levels. A decrease in the levels of testosterone and LH with an increase in FSH was observed in the male rats. No adverse fetal-development or pregnancy-outcome was seen following a 14-day administration of the crude-extract in pregnant-rats. Conclusion: Even though the crude-extract did not exhibit any structural-abnormalities in the pregnant-rats, pregnant-women and men should exercise caution when consuming this plant because it can be toxic to the reproductive-system and may affect reproduction. FRENCH Contexte: L'utilisation des plantes médicinales à des fins curatives et préventives a connu une croissance significative dans le monde ces dernières années, même si, contrairement à la thérapie conventionnelle, la phytothérapie manque généralement de recherches détaillées sur sa sécurité et ses risques éventuels. Objectif: Les effets secondaires de l'extrait brut d'écorce de tige de Newbouldia laevis chez les rates non enceintes et enceintes ont été étudiés. Méthodes: Pour l'étude du profil hormonal, trente-deux (32) rats des deux sexes ont été divisés en quatre groupes de traitement et ont reçu de l'eau distillée et des doses graduelles : 250, 500 et 1 000 mg/kg (sélectionnées en fonction du résultat DL50) d'extrait brut d'écorce de tige de Newbouldia laevis quotidiennement pendant 28 jours. Des échantillons de sang ont été prélevés le 29e jour pour évaluer les taux sériques de FSH, de LH, de progestérone et d'œstrogène chez les femelles et de FSH, de LH et de testostérone chez les rats mâles. Quarante (40) rates gravides ont été réparties en 4 groupes de traitement et traitées par voie orale pendant 14 jours avec de l'eau distillée et un extrait brut de Newbouldia laevis écorce de tige (250, 500 et 1 000 mg/kg). Le 15e jour, 5 rats de chaque groupe ont été sacrifiés et ouverts pour l'évaluation des sites d'implantation et de l'apparence physique des fœtus. Les cinq rats restants ont été laissés en liberté jusqu'à la parturition pour des évaluations de l'issue de la grossesse. Résultats: Administration orale de l'écorce de Newbouldia laevis a diminué les niveaux de progestérone, d'œstrogène et de LH chez les rats femelles avec une augmentation des niveaux de FSH. Une diminution des niveaux de testostérone et de LH avec une augmentation de FSH a été observée chez les rats mâles. Aucun effet indésirable sur le développement du fœtus ou sur la grossesse n'a été observé après une administration de 14 jours de l'extrait brut chez des rates gravides. Conclusion: Même si l'extrait brut n'a présenté aucune anomalie structurelle chez les rates enceintes, les femmes enceintes et les hommes devraient faire preuve de prudence lorsqu'ils consomment cette plante, car elle peut être toxique pour le système reproducteur et peut affecter la reproduction.
Unraveling the anxiolytic and antidepressant potential of Chromolaena odorata extract: a preclinical investigation
ENGLISH Background: Chromolaena odorata Linn (L.) (Asteraceae) is a medicinal plant traditionally used to treat various ailments, including anxiety and depression. However, its neuropharmacological properties have not been extensively studied. Objective: This study aimed to investigate the anxiolytic and antidepressant effects of C. odorata extract and explore its possible mechanism of action. Methods: Acute oral toxicity testing was performed following OECD guidelines, and qualitative phytochemical analysis was carried out using standardized procedures. The anxiolytic effects of C. odorata extract were evaluated using the elevated plus maze (EPM) test, while its antidepressant activity was evaluated through the tail suspension test (TST). The extract was administered to mice at doses of 100, 200, and 400 mg/kg, with behavioral parameters carefully recorded over a five-minute observation period. At the fourteen day experimental period, the animals were euthanized using ethyl ether, and brain samples were collected to analyze serotonin and noradrenaline levels, and to evaluate In-vivo brain antioxidant activity. Results: The result revealed that the LD50 of C. odorata extract was greater 2 g/kg. In the Elevated Plus Maze (EPM) test, the extract significantly increased the time spent (P<0.01; 400 mg/kg) and the frequency of exploratory behaviors (P<0.05; 400 mg/kg) in the open arms, while significantly reducing the time spent (P<0.01; 200-400 mg/kg) and the frequency of exploration (P<0.05, 0.01; 200-400 mg/kg) in the closed arms in comparison to the distilled water control group. In the Tail Suspension Test (TST), the extract significantly decreased the duration of immobility (P<0.05-0.001; 100-400 mg/kg) relative to the distilled water treated group. Furthermore, at 400 mg/kg, the extract significantly elevated serotonin (P<0.01) and noradrenaline (P<0.0001) levels compared to the negative control. The extract also demonstrated significant antioxidant activity, enhancing brain antioxidative biomarker levels. Conclusion: This study highlights the anxiolytic and antidepressant potential of C. odorata extract. Its antidepressant effects may be attributed to increased serotonin and noradrenaline levels, along with the inhibition of oxidative radical generation. FRENCH Contexte: Le Chromolaena odorata Linn (L.) (Asteraceae) est une plante médicinale traditionnellement utilisée pour traiter diverses affections, notamment l'anxiété et la dépression. Cependant, ses propriétés neuropharmacologiques n'ont pas fait l'objet d'études approfondies. Objectif: Cette étude vise à examiner les effets anxiolytiques et antidépresseurs de l'extrait de C. odorata et à explorer son mécanisme d'action possible. Méthodes: Des tests de toxicité orale aiguë ont été réalisés conformément aux lignes directrices de l'OCDE, et une analyse phytochimique qualitative a été effectuée selon des procédures normalisées. Les effets anxiolytiques de l'extrait de C. odorata ont été évalués à l'aide du test du labyrinthe en croix surélevé (EPM), tandis que son activité antidépressive a été évaluée à l'aide du test de suspension de la queue (TST). L'extrait a été administré à des souris à des doses de 100, 200 et 400 mg/kg, et les paramètres comportementaux ont été soigneusement enregistrés sur une période d'observation de cinq minutes. Au bout de la période expérimentale de quatorze jours, les animaux ont été euthanasiés à l'éther éthylique, et des échantillons de cerveau ont été prélevés pour analyser les taux de sérotonine et de noradrénaline, et pour évaluer l'activité in vivo antioxydante cérébrale. Résultats: Les résultats ont révélé que la DL50 de l'extrait de C. odorata était supérieure à 2 g/kg. Dans le test du labyrinthe en croix surélevé (EPM), l' extrait a augmenté de manière significative le temps passé (P<0,01 ; 400 mg/kg) et la fréquence des comportements exploratoires (P<0,05 ; 400 mg/kg) dans les bras ouverts, tout en réduisant de manière significative le temps passé (P<0,01 ; 200-400 mg/kg) et la fréquence d'exploration (P<0,05, 0,01 ; 200-400 mg/kg) dans les bras fermés par rapport au groupe témoin à l'eau distillée. Dans le test de suspension de la queue (TST), l'extrait a réduit de manière significative la durée d'immobilité (P<0,05-0,001 ; 100-400 mg/kg) par rapport au groupe traité à l'eau distillée. En outre, à 400 mg/kg, l'extrait a augmenté de manière significative les taux de sérotonine (p<0,01) et de noradrénaline (p<0,0001) par rapport au témoin négatif. L'extrait a également démontré une activité antioxydante significative, augmentant les niveaux de biomarqueurs antioxydants cérébraux. Conclusion: Cette étude met en évidence le potentiel anxiolytique et antidépresseur de l'extrait de C. odorata. Ses effets antidépresseurs pourraient être attribués à l'augmentation des taux de sérotonine et de noradrénaline, ainsi qu'à l'inhibition de la production de radicaux oxydatifs.
Molecular phylogenetics and antimicrobial potentials of selected endophytic fungi associated with Curcuma longa
ENGLISH Background: Curcuma longa, popularly known as turmeric, is a rhizomatous plant belonging to the Zingiberaceae family. This study is necessitated sequel to the dearth of information on endophytic fungi associated with this medicinal plant. Objectives: This study aimed at isolating endophytic fungi from C. Longa and analyzing their antimicrobial potential. Methods: The fungal endophytes were isolated from the surface-sterilized rhizomes on potato dextrose agar (PDA) and identified through morphological, microscopical, and internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequencing. The base calling and consensus sequence was generated using the Geneious software version 9.0.5. The sequence was blasted and submitted to the NCBI database for accession numbers. The Phylogenetic analysis was done using the Geneious software upon MUSCLE alignment. The antimicrobial potential was challenged with some Gram positives and ESKAPE organisms by agar plug and Kirby-Baurer techniques. Results: A total number of ten (10) fungal endophytes were isolated from thirty sliced samples explored and the preliminary antimicrobial assay revealed that only two isolates, CLR1 and CLR9 could produce antimicrobial secondary metabolites. The BLAST results revealed that they are closely related to Paecilomyces dactylethromorphus CBS 251.55 (NR_149330.1) and Aspergillus ochraceopetaliformis NRRL 4752 (NR_135390.1) at percentage identity of 99.65 % and 99.43 % respectively. Phylogenetic analysis confirmed the relationship between the isolates and known species. Ethyl acetate extract showed zones of growth inhibitions between 10±0.2 mm and 28±1.2 mm in diameter against tested organisms. Their crude extract showed MIC of 1.57 mg/ml to 20 mg/ml and MBC from 2.1 mg/ml to 20.8 mg/ml. Conclusion: These findings suggest that Curcuma longa hosts fungal endophytes with antimicrobial potential, warranting further biotechnological exploration. FRENCH Contexte: Curcuma longa, communément appelé curcuma, est une plante rhizomateuse appartenant à la famille des Zingibéracées. Cette étude est rendue nécessaire par le manque d'informations sur les champignons endophytes associés à cette plante médicinale. Objectifs: Cette étude vise à isoler les champignons endophytes de C. Longa et à analyser leur potentiel antimicrobien. Méthodes: Les endophytes fongiques ont été isolés des rhizomes stérilisés en surface sur gélose dextrose de pomme de terre (PDA) et identifiés par séquençage morphologique, microscopique et par séquençage de l'espaceur interne transcrit (ITS). La séquence d'appel de base et la séquence consensus ont été générées à l'aide du logiciel Geneious version 9.0.5. La séquence a été blastée et soumise à la base de données NCBI pour les numéros d'accès. L'analyse phylogénétique a été réalisée à l'aide du logiciel Geneious après alignement MUSCLE. Le potentiel antimicrobien a été testé avec certains organismes Gram positifs et ESKAPE par des techniques de bouchon d'agar et de Kirby-Baurer. Résultats: Un nombre total de dix (10) endophytes fongiques ont été isolés à partir de trente échantillons tranchés explorés et l'essai antimicrobien préliminaire a révélé que seuls deux isolats, CLR1 et CLR9, pouvaient produire des métabolites secondaires antimicrobiens. Les résultats du test BLAST ont révélé qu'ils sont étroitement liés à Paecilomyces dactylethromorphe CBS 251,55 (NR_149330.1) et Aspergillus ochraceopetaliformis NRRL 4752 (NR_135390.1) avec des pourcentages d'identité de 99,65% et 99,43% respectivement. L'analyse phylogénétique a confirmé la relation entre les isolats et les espèces connues. L'extrait d'acétate d'éthyle a montré des zones d'inhibition de croissance entre 10±0,2 mm et 28±1,2 mm de diamètre contre les organismes testés. Leur extrait brut a montré une CMI de 1,57 mg/ml à 20 mg/ml et une CMB de 2,1 mg/ml à 20,8 mg/ml. Conclusion: Ces résultats suggèrent que Curcuma longa héberge des endophytes fongiques dotés d'un potentiel antimicrobien, ce qui justifie une exploration biotechnologique plus approfondie.
Evaluation of some freshly sold salad vegetables and fruits for bacterial contaminants of clinical implication
ENGLISH Background: Salads, a mixture of uncooked vegetables and fruits that can be partially boiled or eaten raw, are a good source of phytonutrients and antioxidants capable of immunizing the body against infection. Salads can, however, be contaminated by bacteria of clinical potential during pre and post harvest handlings. Objectives: This study evaluated some selected salad vegetables and fruits from Sagamu-Iperu neighborhood markets, for bacterial contaminants of clinical implication and their resistance to conventional antibiotics of therapeutic values. Methods: Exactly 20 gm each, of three vegetables selected for salads; carrot, cabbage and cucumber were macerated and suspended in 20 mL of sterile distilled water for 1 hour with intermittent vortexing. Ten-fold serial dilution of each salad sample was prepared, and selected dilution was spread plated on different selective, differential and general-purpose agar media. Total viable count was estimated on standard plate counts agar medium and MacConkey agar medium separately. Antibiogram of the isolates of bacteria obtained from selected and differential culture media prepared were determined by Kirby Bauer method with a little modification. Results: Of the 81 salad vegetables and fruits samples examined, five (5) different bacterial genera and species in varied number; Escherichia coli (62), Staphylococcus aureus (31), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (26), Klebsiella spp (59) and Shigella spp (18) were obtained. A total viable count of bacterial load 4.9×108 cfu/g for cabbage was recorded as the highest while 1.3 ×109 cfu/g for carrot was found to be the lowest. Klebsiella spp. elicited susceptibility of 50 % to gentamicin, 67 % to ciprofloxacin, and 40 % to tetracycline, while other isolates exhibited varying degrees of antibiotic resistance pattern. Conclusion: The isolation of bacteria of clinical importance capable of causing food borne illness from the samples examined, the aerobic count of bacteria observed capable of initiating rapid deterioration, coupled with the alarming resistance of the isolates to selected spectrum of antibiotics exposed indicates serious public health and economic challenges from possible therapeutic failures of such conventional antibiotics. FRENCH Contexte: Les salades, mélange de légumes et de fruits crus pouvant être partiellement bouillis ou consommés crus, sont une bonne source de phytonutriments et d'antioxydants capables d'immuniser l'organisme contre les infections. Cependant, elles peuvent être contaminées par des bactéries potentiellement dangereuses lors des manipulations avant et après la récolte. Objectifs: Cette étude a évalué certains légumes et fruits de salade sélectionnés sur les marchés du quartier de Sagamu- Iperu, afin de détecter les contaminants bactériens ayant des implications cliniques et leur résistance aux antibiotiques conventionnels ayant une valeur thérapeutique. Méthodes: Exactement 20 g de chacun des trois légumes sélectionnés pour les salades (carotte, chou et concombre) ont été macérés et mis en suspension dans 20 ml d'eau distillée stérile pendant une heure, en agitant le vortex de façon intermittente. Une dilution en série dix fois supérieure de chaque échantillon de salade a été préparée et la dilution sélectionnée a été étalée sur différents milieux gélosés sélectifs, différentiels et à usage général. Le nombre total de bactéries viables a été estimé séparément sur des plaques standard en milieu gélosé et en milieu gélosé MacConkey. L'antibiogramme des isolats bactériens obtenus à partir des milieux de culture sélectionnés et différentiels préparés a été déterminé par la méthode de Kirby Bauer, avec une légère modification. Résultats: Sur les 81 échantillons de salades de légumes et de fruits examinés, cinq (5) genres et espèces bactériens différents en nombre varié ont été obtenues: Escherichia coli (62), Staphylococcus aureus (31), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (26), Klebsiella spp (59) et Shigella spp (18). Le nombre total de bactéries viables était de 4,9 × 10 8 cfu/g pour le chou a été enregistré comme le plus élevé tandis que 1,3 × 109 cfu/g pour la carotte s'est avéré être le plus faible. Klebsiella spp. a suscité une sensibilité de 50 % à la gentamicine, de 67 % à la ciprofloxacine et de 40 % à la tétracycline, tandis que d'autres isolats présentaient des degrés variables de résistance aux antibiotiques. Conclusion: L'isolement de bactéries d'importance clinique capables de provoquer des maladies d'origine alimentaire à partir des échantillons examinés, le nombre de bactéries aérobies observées capables de déclencher une détérioration rapide, associé à la résistance alarmante des isolats à un spectre sélectionné d'antibiotiques exposés, indiquent de graves défis de santé publique et économiques liés à d'éventuels échecs thérapeutiques de ces antibiotiques conventionnels.
Formulation and antisickling activity of the effervescent granules of Cissus populnea Guill et. Perr (Vitaceae) root on deoxygenated drepanocytes
Background: Ethanol extracts of Cissus populnea have been documented to possess antisickling activities, useful in the management of Sickle Cell Anaemia (SCA). However, it is necessary to develop the extracts into acceptable dosage forms with further potentials for drug development. Objectives: This present study investigated the in-vitro evaluation of the antisickling activities of the crude ethanol extract and effervescent granules of Cissus populnea roots. Methods: Cissus populnea root was dried at 37±0.5oC, powdered, extracted in 80 % ethanol (72 h.), filtered, concentrated, freeze-dried and prepared as effervescent granules (CPG) formulations 1, 2 and 3 with varying percentages of sodium bicarbonate, citric and tartaric acids, while the crude extract was formulation 4. CPG were characterized using density measurements (Bulk and Tapped Densities), Hausner's ratio [HR], Carr's Index [CI]) and angle of repose as assessment criteria, while antisickling properties were evaluated using inhibitory and reversal activities of sodium metabisulphite-induced sickling of hemoglobin erythrocytes. Para-hydroxybenzoic acid (PHBA) and phosphate-buffered saline solutions served as controls. Results: Bulk and tapped densities ranked formulations 1(1.37±0.03) >3(1.18±0.13) >2(1.13±0.11)>4(1.07±0.07), and 3(1.69±0.03)>1(1.68±0.02) >2(1.51±0.07) >4(1.31±0.13) respectively. The HR and CI had a reverse relationship with the crude extract granules having the highest HR (1.03±0.53) and lowest CI (18.32±0.03) values. Angle of repose ranked formulations 4(39.18±0.11)>3(34.18±0.28)>2(31.03±0.27)>1(29.13±0.17). Formulations 3 and 4 showed the highest antisickling (72.0 % and 68.0%) and reversal activities (57.0 % and 59.0 %) comparable to PHBA (64 % inhibitory and 56.0 % reversal activities) Conclusion: CPG showed better flow and antisickling properties than those of the crude extract, and may play important roles in the management of SCA. FRENCH Contexte: Il a été démontré que les extraits d'éthanol de Cissus populnea possèdent des activités antifalciformes, utiles dans la gestion de l'anémie falciforme. Cependant, il est nécessaire de développer les extraits sous des formes posologiques acceptables, avec d'autres potentiels pour le développement de médicaments. Objectifs: Cette étude a examiné l'évaluation in vitro des activités antifalciformes de l'extrait d'éthanol brut et des granules effervescents de racines de Cissus populnea. Méthode: La racine de Cissus populnea a été séchée à 37±0,5oC, réduite en poudre, extraite dans de l'éthanol à 80% (72 h), filtrée, concentrée, lyophilisée et préparée sous forme de granulés effervescents (CPG) formulations 1, 2 et 3 avec des pourcentages variables de bicarbonate de sodium, d'acides citrique et tartrique, tandis que l'extrait brut constituait la formulation 4. Les CPG ont été caractérisés à l'aide de mesures de densité (densités apparentes et tassées), du rapport de Hausner [HR], de l'indice de Carr [IC]) et de l'angle de repos comme critères d'évaluation, tandis que les propriétés antifalciformes ont été évaluées à l'aide des activités d'inhibition et d'inversion de la falciformation des érythrocytes de l'hémoglobine induite par le métabisulfite de sodium. L'acide para- hydroxybenzoïque (PHBA) et les solutions salines tamponnées au phosphate ont servi de témoins. Résultats: Les densités apparentes et tassées ont classé les formulations 1(1,37±0,03) >3(1,18±0,13) >2(1,13±0,11) >4(1,07±0,07), et 3(1,69±0,03)>1(1,68±0,02) >2(1,51±0,07) >4(1,31±0,13) respectivement. Le HR et le CI avaient une relation inverse avec les granulés d'extrait brut ayant les valeurs HR les plus élevées (1,03±0,53) et CI les plus basses (18,32±0,03). L'angle de repos a classé les formulations 4(39.18±0.11)>3(34.18±0.28)>2(31.03±0.27)>1(29.13±0.17). Les formulations 3 et 4 ont montré les activités antifalciformes les plus élevées (72,0% et 68,0%) et d'inversion (57,0 % et 59,0 %), comparables à celles du PHBA (64 % d'activité inhibitrice et 56,0 % d'activité d'inversion). Conclusion: Le CPG a montré de meilleures propriétés d'écoulement et antifalciformes que celles de l'extrait brut et peut jouer un rôle important dans la gestion de l'anémie falciforme.
Evaluation of access to raw materials for pharmaceutical production in the Federal Capital Territory Abuja, Nigeria
ENGLISH Background: Access to raw materials for pharmaceutical production is a major concern for pharmaceutical companies because it invariably brings about higher cost of medication. Objectives: The objective of this study was to evaluate access to raw materials for pharmaceutical production in FCT Abuja by determining factors affecting its availability, local production as well as determining ways to encourage its local production. Methods: The census approach was used in conducting the study as there were only three operational pharmaceutical companies identified in FCT. Six pretested and validated questionnaires were administered to production and operations managers and oral in-depth interview was conducted for the Managing Director/Chief Executive Officers of the pharmaceutical companies using in-depth interview guide. The sites of the study were located at Gwagwalada, Kubwa and Bwari respectively. Data collected was analyzed using the IBM Statistical Package for Social Sciences version 21.0, (2012) for frequencies and percentages. The contents of the oral interview were analyzed for specific perspectives of interest to the study and general patterns of opinions in alignment with study aim and objective. Results: Majority of the respondents (83.3 %) indicated they imported raw materials for production while 66.6 percent of respondents stated that raw materials for pharmaceutical production were not easily accessible in FCT.Similarly, 83.3 per cent indicated that it was not cheap or affordable and 83.3 per cent agreed that local production of raw material will bring down cost of medications. Furthermore, the entire respondents were of the opinion that high dependence on importation of the raw material was a major cause of draw back on its availability. Conclusion: The study revealed that raw materials for pharmaceutical production were not readily available in the FCT. FRENCH Contexte: L'accès aux matières premières pour la production pharmaceutique est une préoccupation majeure pour les sociétés pharmaceutiques car il entraîne invariablement une augmentation du coût des médicaments. Objectifs: L'objectif de cette étude est d'évaluer l'accès aux matières premières pour la production pharmaceutique dans le FCT Abuja en déterminant les facteurs affectant leur disponibilité, la production locale ainsi que les moyens d'encourager sa production locale. Méthodes: L'approche du recensement a été utilisée pour mener l'étude car il n'y avait que trois sociétés pharmaceutiques opérationnelles identifiées dans le FCT. Six questionnaires pré-testés et validés ont été administrés aux responsables de la production et des opérations et des entretiens oraux approfondis ont été menés pour les directeurs généraux des sociétés pharmaceutiques à l'aide d'un guide d'entretien approfondi. Les sites de l'étude étaient situés respectivement à Gwagwalada, Kubwa et Bwari. Les données recueillies ont été analysées à l'aide du progiciel statistique IBM pour les sciences sociales version 21.0 (2012) pour les fréquences et les pourcentages. Le contenu des entretiens oraux a été analysé pour identifier les perspectives spécifiques d'intérêt pour l'étude et des modèles généraux d'opinions en accord avec le but et l'objectif de l'étude. Résultats: La majorité des répondants (83.3 %) ont indiqué qu'ils importaient des matières premières pour la production tandis que 66,6% des répondants ont déclaré que les matières premières pour la production pharmaceutique n'étaient pas facilement accessibles dans le FCT. De même, 83,3% ont indiqué que ce n'était pas bon marché ou abordable et 83,3% ont convenu que la production locale de matières premières permettrait de réduire le coût des médicaments. En outre, tous les répondants étaient d'avis que la forte dépendance à l'égard des importations de matières premières était une cause majeure de la baisse de leur disponibilité. Conclusion: L'étude a révélé que les matières premières pour la production pharmaceutique n'étaient pas facilement disponibles dans le FCT.
Comparative quality assessment of selected fluconazole brands in Ibadan, Nigeria
ENGLISH Background: Drug therapeutic failure is a significant challenge currently ravaging the healthcare system of developing countries like Nigeria. This is often linked to the variable quality of generic drug brands. Fluconazole, a triazole antifungal agent, is of clinical importance due to its excellent penetrability in the CSF. Objective: To evaluate the quality and pharmaceutical equivalence between generic brands of fluconazole and the innovator brand that might affect its performance and interchangeability within Ibadan, Nigeria. Methods: Seventeen brands of fluconazole including the innovator brand were evaluated for their physicochemical properties (weight uniformity), mechanical properties (crushing strength and friability), release properties (disintegration and dissolution time tests), content assay, and antifungal activity. Statistical analysis was conducted using ANOVA (p < 0.05) to assess significant differences. Results: All brands passed the weight uniformity test, but only three passed the friability test. One brand from the tablets and the capsules failed the disintegration time test. Notably, only one brand passed the content assay test. The tablets released > 80 % of fluconazole within 30 min while all the capsules including the innovator brand exhibited a burst release. Two brands showed no activity against Candida albicans. The innovator brand had a significantly higher antifungal activity (p < 0.05) than the generics. Conclusion: The differences in quality among the brands suggest that none would adequately substitute the innovator brand. FRENCH Contexte: L'échec thérapeutique des médicaments est un défi important qui ravage actuellement le système de santé des pays en développement comme le Nigéria. Ce problème est souvent lié à la qualité variable des marques de médicaments génériques. Le fluconazole, un agent antifongique triazole, est d'une importance clinique en raison de son excellente pénétration dans le LCR. Objectif: Évaluer la qualité et l'équivalence pharmaceutique entre les marques génériques de fluconazole et la marque innovante qui pourraient affecter ses performances et son interchangeabilité à Ibadan, au Nigéria. Méthodes: Dix-sept marques de fluconazole, dont la marque innovante, ont été évaluées pour leurs propriétés physicochimiques (uniformité du poids), leurs propriétés mécaniques (résistance à l'écrasement et friabilité), leurs propriétés de libération (tests de désintégration et de temps de dissolution), leur dosage et leur activité antifongique. Une analyse statistique a été réalisée à l'aide de l'ANOVA (p < 0,05) pour évaluer les différences significatives. Résultats: Toutes les marques ont passé avec succès le test d'uniformité du poids, mais seulement trois ont réussi le test de friabilité. Une marque de comprimés et de gélules a échoué au test de temps de désintégration. Il convient de noter qu'une seule marque a réussi au test d'analyse du contenu. Les comprimés ont libéré plus de 80% de fluconazole en 30 minutes, tandis que toutes les gélules, y compris la marque innovante, ont présenté une libération en rafale. Deux marques n'ont montré aucune activité contre Candida albicans. La marque innovante avait une activité antifongique significativement plus élevée (p < 0,05) que les génériques. Conclusion: Les différences de qualité entre les marques suggèrent qu'aucune ne pourrait remplacer adéquatement la marque innovante.
Assessment of serum trace elements, lipid profile and proteins in hyperprolactinaemic female patients at a tertiary hospital in Abeokuta
ENGLISH Background: Hyperprolactinemia is a frequent endocrine syndrome with varied prevalence rates among infertile women and women with other gyneacological problems. Report has also shown that prolactin exerts a wide variety of actions on metabolic profile. Objective: To determine the serum levels of Trace Elements, Lipid Profile and Proteins in hyperprolactinaemic female patients. Methods: A total of 100 female participants were recruited, comprising 60 hyperprolactinaemic patients and 40 healthy controls. Ethical approval was obtained from the institutional review board, and informed consent was secured from all participants. Prolactin was estimated using Chemiluminescent Microparticle Immunoassay (CMIA) and trace elements were analysed using the Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer. Lipid profile and proteins were analysed using standard methods. Results: Trace elements showed no significant difference in cases but their mean values were decreased. Cu was slightly elevated in cases. Significant (p<0.05) decrease and increase occurred in HDL and TG respectively in cases but there were no significant difference in TCHOL and LDL in cases. Albumin level was significantly (p<0.05) higher in cases but there were no significant difference (p>0.05) in total protein and globulin levels. Conclusion: This study highlights significant metabolic alterations in hyperprolactinaemic female patients, particularly in, lipid profile, and albumin levels. These findings underscore the need for nutritional and therapeutic interventions to mitigate the metabolic impact of hyperprolactinaemia. On the levels of proteins hyperprolactinaemia caused albumin level to be significantly (p<0.05) increased while globulin and total protein levels were only slightly elevated in cases. FRENCH Contexte: L'hyperprolactinémie est un syndrome endocrinien fréquent dont la prévalence varie chez les femmes infertiles et celles présentant d'autres problèmes gynécologiques. Une étude a également montré que la prolactine exerce une grande variété d'actions sur le profil métabolique. Objectif: Déterminer les taux sériques d'oligo-éléments, le profil lipidique et les protéines chez les patientes hyperprolactinémiques. Méthodes: Au total, 100 participantes ont été recrutées, dont 60 patientes hyperprolactinémiques et 40 témoins sains. L'approbation éthique a été obtenue auprès du comité d'éthique institutionnel et le consentement éclairé de toutes les participantes. La prolactine a été estimée par dosage immunologique par microparticules chimioluminescentes (CMIA) et les oligo-éléments ont été analysés par spectrophotomètre d'absorption atomique à flamme. Le profil lipidique et les protéines ont été analysés selon des méthodes standard. Résultats: Les oligo-éléments n'ont pas montré de différence significative entre les cas, mais leurs valeurs moyennes ont diminué. Le taux de Cu était légèrement élevé dans les cas. Une diminution et une augmentation significatives (p<0,05) des HDL et des TG ont été observées respectivement dans les cas, mais aucune différence significative n'a été observée entre les TCHOL et les LDL. Le taux d'albumine était significativement plus élevé (p<0,05) dans les cas, mais aucune différence significative n'a été observée (p>0,05) dans les taux de protéines totales et de globulines. Conclusion: Cette étude met en évidence des altérations métaboliques significatives chez les patientes hyperprolactinémiques, notamment au niveau du profil lipidique et des taux d'albumine. Ces résultats soulignent la nécessité d'interventions nutritionnelles et thérapeutiques pour atténuer l'impact métabolique de l'hyperprolactinémie . En ce qui concerne les taux de protéines, l'hyperprolactinémie a entraîné une augmentation significative (p<0,05) du taux d'albumine, tandis que les taux de globuline et de protéines totales n'étaient que légèrement élevés dans certains cas.
Assessment of health-seeking behaviour of staff in tertiary health institutions in Federal Capital Territory (FCT), Nigeria
ENGLISH Background: The COVID-19 pandemic, massive exodus and emigration of health workers from the country have cumulatively put a major strain on the staff-strength of tertiary health institutions. This has caused health workers to look after their health in a haphazard way through inadequate consultation and inappropriate self-referral to specialist services. Objective: To assess the health-seeking behaviour of hospital staff in tertiary health institutions in FCT, Nigeria. Method: A multi-centered, descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted in three tertiary institutions in FCT, Nigeria amongst both clinical and non-clinical staff. A pretested 43-item questionnaire was used to assess health-seeking behaviours of 384 respondents. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 24, with descriptive statistics (frequencies and percentages) and chi-square tests. Result: About 85.3 % response rate was achieved, with 384 completed questionnaires. Positive health-seeking behaviour was observed in 69 % of respondents for voluntary medical checkups, 78.9 % for basic self-care, 98.7 % for managing smoking risks, 63.3 % for avoiding high-salt processed food, 69.8 % for COVID-19 vaccination, and 68.8 % for hepatitis B vaccination (P<0.05). Cancer screenings and mental health evaluations were the least performed. Barriers to positive health-seeking behaviour included the perceived significance of periodic medical check-ups, lack of time, financial constraints, lack of hepatitis B screening, and scepticism towards COVID-19 vaccines. Conclusion: Hospital staff at tertiary institutions in FCT, Nigeria exhibited overall positive health-seeking behaviour, particularly for medical checkups and self-care. However, cancer screenings and mental health evaluations were underperformed, highlighting areas for improvement. FRENCH Contexte: La pandémie de COVID-19, l'exode massif et l'émigration des professionnels de la santé hors du pays ont mis à rude épreuve les effectifs des établissements de santé tertiaires. Les professionnels de santé ont donc dû gérer leur santé de manière désordonnée, par le biais de consultations inadéquates et d'un auto-recours inapproprié à des services spécialisés. Objectif: Évaluer le comportement du personnel hospitalier des établissements de santé tertiaires du FCT, au Nigeria, en matière de recherche de soins. Méthode: Une étude transversale descriptive et multicentrique a été menée dans trois établissements tertiaires du FCT, au Nigeria, auprès du personnel clinique et non clinique. Un questionnaire pré-testé de 43 questions a été utilisé pour évaluer les comportements de recours aux soins de 384 personnes interrogées. Les données ont été analysées à l'aide de la version 24 du logiciel SPSS, avec des statistiques descriptives (fréquences et pourcentages) et des tests du chi carré. Résultat: Un taux de réponse d'environ 85,3% a été atteint, avec 384 questionnaires remplis. Un comportement positif de recherche de soins a été observé chez 69% des répondants pour les examens médicaux volontaires, 78,9% pour les soins personnels de base, 98,7% pour la gestion des risques liés au tabagisme, 63,3% pour éviter les aliments transformés riches en sel, 69,8% pour la vaccination contre la COVID-19 et 68,8% pour la vaccination contre l'hépatite B (P < 0,05). Les dépistages du cancer et les évaluations de la santé mentale étaient les moins effectués. Les obstacles à un comportement positif en matière de recherche de santé comprenaient la perception de l'importance des examens médicaux périodiques, le manque de temps, les contraintes financières, l'absence de dépistage de l'hépatite B et le scepticisme à l'égard des vaccins contre la COVID-19. Conclusion: Le personnel hospitalier des établissements de soins tertiaires du FCT, au Nigéria, a affiché un comportement globalement positif en matière de recherche de soins, notamment en ce qui concerne les examens médicaux et les soins auto-administrés. Cependant, les dépistages du cancer et les évaluations de santé mentale ont été insuffisamment réalisés, ce qui met en évidence des points à améliorer.
Medication error reporting practices among hospital pharmacists in Lagos State, Nigeria
ENGLISH Background: Medication errors constitute a significant global health concern for patients and healthcare professionals, especially regarding patient safety and finance. This study examined the medication error reporting practices among hospital pharmacists in Lagos State to gather insights on the level of error reporting. Objective: The aim of this study was to determine medication error reporting practices among hospital pharmacists in Lagos State. Methods: A cross-sectional electronic survey using structured questionnaires was administered among 408 hospital pharmacists practicing in public and private hospitals in Lagos State. Data obtained was cleaned and analyzed using SPSS version 23. Descriptive statistical analysis was carried out and ethical approval obtained before data collection. Results: The respondent rate was 60 %. Respondents have a good understanding of medication error reporting with 62 % strongly agreeing that reporting medication errors can be a quality improvement tool to safeguard patient health. About 45.7 % of the respondents sometimes encountered medication errors but only 29.8 % reported the errors. Prescribing errors accounted for the highest medication errors (53.4 %). Although 78 % of pharmacists currently have the manual reporting formats in place, however the study revealed that heavy workload (44.1 %), non-utilization of past reports (26.5 %), unclear reporting protocols (20.8 %), lengthy and complicated reporting methods (20.4 %) are the significant barriers to medication errors reporting. The study further identified that 64.9 % of pharmacists were willing to report medication errors if the hospital management would protect their identities. Conclusion: Hospital pharmacists in Lagos state, Nigeria, have a good understanding of medication error reporting and its benefits as a quality improvement tool. However, the reporting rate needs to be improved. FRENCH Contexte: Les erreurs de médication un problème de santé majeur à l'échelle mondiale, qui touche à la fois les patients et les professionnels de la santé, notamment en termes de sécurité des patients et d'implications financières. Cette étude a examiné les pratiques de déclaration des erreurs de médication des pharmaciens hospitaliers de l'État de Lagos, au Nigéria, afin de recueillir des informations sur le niveau de déclaration des erreurs. Méthodes: Une enquête électronique transversale utilisant des questionnaires structurés a été menée auprès de 408 pharmaciens hospitaliers exerçant dans des hôpitaux publics et privés de l'État de Lagos. Les données obtenues ont été nettoyées et analysées à l'aide de la version 23.0 de SPSS. Une analyse statistique descriptive a été réalisée et une approbation éthique a été obtenue avant la collecte des données. Résultats: Le taux de réponse était de 60%. Les répondants ont une bonne compréhension de la déclaration des erreurs de médication, 62% étant tout à fait d'accord pour dire que la déclaration des erreurs de médication peut être un outil d'amélioration de la qualité pour protéger la santé des patients. Environ 45,7% des répondants ont parfois rencontré des erreurs de médication, mais seulement 29,8% ont déclaré ces erreurs. Les erreurs de prescription représentent le plus grand nombre d'erreurs de médication (53,4%). Bien que 78% des pharmaciens disposent actuellement de formats de déclaration manuels, l'étude a révélé qu'une lourde charge de travail (44,1%), la non-utilisation des rapports antérieurs (26,5%), le manque de clarté des protocoles de déclaration (20,8%), la longueur et la complexité des méthodes de déclaration (20,4%) sont les principaux obstacles à la déclaration des erreurs de médication. L'étude a en outre révélé que 64,9% des pharmaciens seraient prêts à déclarer les erreurs de médication si la direction de l'hôpital protégeait leur identité. Conclusion: Les pharmaciens hospitaliers de l'État de Lagos, au Nigéria, ont une bonne compréhension de la déclaration des erreurs de médication et de ses avantages en tant qu'outil d'amélioration de la qualité. Cependant , le taux de déclaration doit être amélioré.
Assessment of the awareness, perception and practice of personalized medicine service among pharmacists in Osun State, Southwestern Nigeria
ENGLISH Background: The era of personalized medicine service (PMS) is emerging globally and it has contributed immensely to effective use of medicine and medical treatment. However, this may not hold for the healthcare system in several climes where the concept has not been embraced by practitioners. Thus, there is a need to assess the perception and extent of practice of PMS. Objective: This study was carried out to evaluate the perception of pharmacists in Osun State about PMS, and to determine the extent to which it is utilized in their practice. Methods: A cross-sectional survey of 207 pharmacists was carried out in Osun state using a pre-tested questionnaire to gather information on respondents' knowledge and extent of practice of PMS. Statistical analyses were performed to describe the variables and to evaluate the extent of associations and the significance of such associations among the study variables. Results: Out of the 207 questionnaire administered, one-hundred and fifty-eight pharmacists responded to this survey within the stipulated period. Out of this number, 104 (representing 65.8%) were males. Some (45.6%) practiced in hospital. Fifty-two percent had not offered PMS before, and a perception rating of 2.86 ± 0.72 on a 4-point Likert scale was recorded among the respondents. The study reported a strong significant association in the perception of PMS and the area of practice (p = 0.018) as well as job status (p=0.009). Similarly, among those who had previously offered PMS, areas of practice and qualification of the respondents were significantly associated with the extent of practice of PMS. Conclusion: A fair perception of PMS was reported among the pharmacists in Osun state but the extent of practice was abysmally low. FRENCH Contexte: L'émergence des services de médecine personnalisés (SMP) à l'échelle mondiale et a contribué de manière considérable à l'utilisation efficace des médicaments et des traitements médicaux. Cependant, cela pourrait ne pas être le cas pour le système de santé dans plusieurs pays où le concept n'a pas été adopté par les praticiens. Il est donc nécessaire d'évaluer la perception et l'étendue de la pratique des SMP. Objectif: Cette étude a été menée pour évaluer la perception des pharmaciens de l'État d'Osun à propos du SMP et pour déterminer dans quelle mesure il est utilisé dans leur pratique. Méthodes: Une enquête transversale a été menée auprès de 207 pharmaciens dans l'État d'Osun à l'aide d'un questionnaire pré-testé pour recueillir des informations sur la connaissance, la perception et l'étendue de la pratique des SMP par les répondants. Des analyses statistiques ont été effectuées pour décrire les variables et évaluer l'étendue des associations et la signification de ces associations parmi les variables de l'étude. Résultats: Sur les 207 questionnaires administrés, cent cinquante-huit pharmaciens ont répondu à cette enquête dans le délai imparti. De ce nombre, 104 (soit 65,8 %) étaient des hommes. Certains (45,6 %) exerçaient en milieu hospitalier. Cinquante-deux pour cent d'entre eux n'avaient jamais proposé de SMP auparavant et une note de perception de 2,86 ± 0,72 sur une échelle de Likert à 4 points a été enregistrée parmi les répondants. L'étude a révélé une forte association significative entre la perception du SMP et le domaine de pratique (p = 0,018) ainsi que le statut professionnel (p = 0,009). De même, parmi ceux qui avaient déjà proposé du SMP, les domaines de pratique et la qualification des répondants étaient significativement associés à l'étendue de la pratique du SMP. Conclusion: Les pharmaciens de l'État d'Osun ont une perception équitable du SMP, mais le dégrée de la pratique est extrêmement faible.
Development of RP-HPLC method for the determination of lisinopril in human saliva
Background: Reported HPLC methods for determination of lisinopril in plasma are usually tedious requiring several extraction steps necessitating the need for new methods that address these difficulties. Objectives:This study was aimed at developing and validating a simple and reproducible RP-HPLC method for the determination of lisinopril in human saliva. Methods: A blank saliva(2 mL)was spiked with 2 mL ofa solution (12.5μg ml1)of lisinopril followed by 1 mL of a solution (0.05 μg mL¹)of caffeine as internal standard (IS).The mixture was vortex mixed and centrifuged (3000rpm)for 10minutes.Aportion(0.5mL)ofthe resultant dear solution was injected into the HPLC(Agilentmodel no: 1260 infinity). A chromatogram was obtained which resolved lisinopril from caffeine(IS).The isocratic chromatographic separation was achieved using Chemsl ODS°C18(200 mm×4.6 id)analytical column.The optimized chromatographic conditions included a mobile phase of methanol-water (80:20 v/v)containing 0.1% orthophosphoric acid,isocraticelusion mode,an injection volume of 10 μl,flow rate of 1mL min-1,a temperature of 35C and detection wavelength of 218 nm. A calibration curve of lisinopril reference standard at concentrations range of 1.0 to 50.0 μg mL¹was prepared by plotting the peak height ratios of lisinopril:IS against their corresponding concentrations.The developed method was validated with respect to precision,accuracy, percentage recovery,limit of detection (LOD)and limit of quantitation(LOQ)according to international conference on harmonization (ICH)guidelines. Results: The chromatographic separation was achieved in 4 minutes with lisinopril and caffeine having retention times of 1.7 and 2.6 minutes respectively. Calibration curve was linear (r =0.998) within the range of above concentrations. The precision (both inter and intraday)of the method was<1%RSD,while the accuracy expressed as percentage relative error (%Er) and % recovery were 1.20 and 99.89 %respectively.The LOD and LOQ of the method were 0.15 and 0.46ngmLI respectively. All the analytical parameters were within the normal ranges, thus reflecting good recovery and sensitivity of the method. Conclusion:The results of this study suggest that the developed method can be employed for accurate determination oflisinopril in human saliva.
Spectrophotometric method for determination of metronidazole in pure and tablet dosage forms via Schiff's base formation by coupling with crotonaldehyde
Background: UV-visible spectrophotometric methods are popular because of their simplicity, accuracy, precision and low cost. Objectives: In this study a new simple,accurate,economical and reproducible spectrophotometric method for the quantitative determination of metronidazole was developed and validated. Methods: The method is based on the reduction of the nitro group in metronidazole with zinc powder under acidic condition (5N HCl)at 27°C in methanol for 15 minutes followed by coupling the resulting amine with crotonaldehyde to form a yellow chromogen with a λmax of 408nm.The proposed method was validated according to international conference on harmonization (ICH)guidelines and used to assay a sample of standard metronidazole powder and four different brands (A,B,Cand D)of metronidazole tablets. Results: The assay results were validated by comparing with British pharmacopeia B.P method for assay of metronidazole.Beer's law was obeyed within a concentration range of 2.0 to 12.0μg/mL with correlation coefficient of 0.9934.The precision (0.4 and 0.9%RSD),accuracy (%Er=0.16),recovery (100%),limit of detection (0.29μg/mL)and limit ofquantitation(0.89μg/mL)of the method were all found to be satisfactory. No significant difference (p>0.05)was observed between the content of metronidazole assayed using the developed method and the BP method in all the samples. Conclusion: The proposed method can be used for quantitative determination of metronidazole in pure and tablet dosage forms.
Effects of starch pre-gelatinization on the physicochemical and tableting properties of a co-processed excipient for direct compression
Background: Development of new molecules as excipients is costly and time consuming, hence a shift towards modifying already existing excipient via co-processing. Objective: The study aimed to evaluate the effects of starch pre-gelatinization on co-processed Ipomoea batatas starch in directly compressed diclofenac and paracetamol tablet formulations. Methods: Starch from Ipomoea batatas was extracted following standard procedure. Co-processing was carried out by co-dispersion of native starch (Excipient X) or pre-gelatinized starch (Excipient Y) with lactose and polyvinylpyrrolidone. The resulting excipients were subjected to physicochemical evaluation and interaction studies using Fourier transform infrared (FTIR). Tablet formulations of diclofenac and paracetamol were prepared by direct compression and evaluated for mechanical and in vitro dissolution properties. Results: Excipients X and Y exhibited excellent flow properties. Swelling and hydration capacities (9.10 mL and 5.98 g/g, respectively) were significantly higher in Excipient Y than in Excipient X (9.10 mL and 5.98 g/g, respectively) but the moisture content of Excipient X was more than two times (17.52%) that of Excipient Y (7.94%). FTIR revealed no interaction between the co-processed excipients and the drugs. Excipient Y impacted better mechanical properties on the tablets and superior disintegration properties in both tablet formulations. In vitro drug release was faster from tablets produced with Excipient Y than those produced with Excipient X. Conclusion: Co-processed pre-gelatinized Ipomoea batatas starch elicited superior mechanical, disintegration and drug release properties over its native counterpart in directly compressed diclofenac and paracetamol tablets.
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Characterization of modified tiger nut (Cyperus esculentus) starches: mechanical, compaction and drug release properties
Background: Starch is a biopolymer generally used as excipient in drug formulations due to its availability, affordability, biocompatibility, inertness and biodegradability. Objective: This study evaluated the mechanical, compaction and compressibility characteristics of modified starches from Cyperus esculentustubers in directly compressed metronidazole tablet formulations. Methods: The native starch extracted by maceration in water was modified via acid hydrolysis (ACS), pregelatinization (PCS) and enzyme hydrolysis (ECS). The modified starches were used in formulating metronidazole tablets at various compression pressures by direct compression. Their powder blends were assessed using the Kawakita model whereas the tablets were assessed for mechanical (crushing and tensile strengths) and compaction (Heckel model) properties in comparison with tablets prepared with microcrystalline cellulose (MCC). Results: Kawakita analysis revealed that ECS powder exhibited the highest compressibility and also the least cohesive. ECS-based tablets showed acceptable mechanical properties and also had the fastest onset of plastic deformation with low mean yield pressure value (Py (62.79 MN/m2)) and inverse measure of plastic deformation value (Pk (3.344)). Conclusion: Enzyme hydrolysis of C. esculentus starch resulted in a filler/binder modified product with direct compressibility property, which may be a substitute to microcrystalline cellulose in direct compression of tablets.
Effects of selected food dyes on the reproductive system of male albino rats
Background: Chronic consumption of food dyes may be harmful to humans and may be a cause of infertility in men. Objectives: The study aimed to evaluate the effects of brilliant blue, carmoisine, and tartrazine on reproductive indicators in male albino rats. Methods: The dyes were administered individually to twenty male albino rats (four groups of five animals each) via oral gavage for 28 days. Results: Brilliant blue showed a decrease in rapid progressive sperm cell motility (RPSC) at 250 mg/kg, none was observed for tartrazine and carmoisine. Tartrazine showed an increase in non-progressive sperm cell motility (NPSCM) at 500 mg/kg, and progressive sperm cell motility (PSCM) at 100 mg/kg was significantly different from the control at p<0.005. Tartrazine (500 mg/kg), Carmoisine (250 mg/kg) and Brilliant blue (250 mg/kg and 500 mg/kg) all caused different degrees of atrophy and necrosis in the seminiferous tubules of the testes. No effect was observed for carmoisine and brilliant blue. Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH) in male rats treated showed a significant decrease compared to control at a dose 100 mg/kg for tartrazine and brilliant blue. Prolactin (PRL) showed an increase from the control at 100 mg/kg for tartrazine and brilliant blue at 100 mg/kg and 250 mg/kg. Testosterone (TEST) showed significant increase from the control at 250 mg/kg for tartrazine. Luteinizing Hormone (LH) levels were found to be elevated for tartrazine at 500 mg/kg, carmoisine at 250 mg/kg and 500 mg/kg, and brilliant blue at 500 mg/kg. Conclusion: These dyes were found to have deleterious effects on reproductive hormones, with some effect on sperm viability. The use of appropriate concentrations of food dyes needs to be assessed and monitored to prevent any adverse effects on human health.
Hypoglycemic effect of aqueous leaf extracts of Vernonia amygdalina and Ficus exasperata following separate and concurrent administrations
Background: Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by hyperglycemia due to either insufficient insulin production or insulin resistance. The increasing global prevalence of diabetes necessitates the need to explore alternative treatment options. Vernonia amygdalina and Ficus exasperata are widely used traditional herbal remedies with potential antidiabetic properties. This study aimed to assess the effects of these plants, both individually and in combination, on blood glucose levels in normoglycemic individuals following glucose-induced hyperglycemia. Objectives: This study evaluated the glucose-lowering effects of aqueous extracts of Vernonia amygdalina and Ficus exasperata, both separately and in combination, in normoglycemic individuals, comparing their efficacy to that of the standard drug, Glimepiride. Methods: Participants were randomly assigned to four groups. Group A (n=5) served as the standard and received 2 mg of Glimepiride. Groups B (n=10), C (n=10), and D (n=10) were administered varying dosages of Vernonia amygdalina, Ficus exasperata, or a combination of both, respectively. Specifically, within each group Subgroup B1 (n=5) received 200 mg/kg of V. amygdalina, and Subgroup B2 (n=5) received 400 mg/kg. Subgroup C1 (n=5) received 200 mg/kg of F. exasperata, while Subgroup C2 (n=5) received 400 mg/kg. Subgroups D1 and D2 were given a combination of both extracts at 200 mg/kg and 400 mg/kg, respectively. Blood glucose levels were measured at baseline, 30 minutes post-glucose ingestion (0.5 hour), and 1, 2, and 4 hours post-treatment. Data were analyzed using repeated one-way ANOVA followed by Bonferroni post-hoc comparisons to assess the statistical significance of the glucose-lowering effects. Results: Vernonia amygdalina at 200 mg/kg significantly (p<0.05) reduced blood glucose levels at 2 hours and 4 hours post-treatment. The 400 mg/kg dose exhibited a more potent and sustained effect, with significant reductions at all time points. Ficus exasperata at both 200 mg/kg and 400 mg/kg also showed significant hypoglycemic effects, with the 400 mg/kg concentration being more effective. The combination of both extracts produced moderate to strong hypoglycemic effects, particularly at the 400 mg/kg dose, with significant (p<0.05) reductions observed at all time points. Glimepiride consistently resulted in significant (p<0.05) glucose reductions at all intervals, outperforming the herbal extracts. Conclusion: Both Vernonia amygdalina and Ficus exasperata, individually and in combination, exhibit potent glucose-lowering effects. Their efficacy, especially at higher doses, is comparable to Glimepiride, suggesting their potential as alternative or complementary treatments for managing blood glucose levels in diabetes.
Chemotherapeutic potentials of aqueous Securinega virosa leaf extract in benzene-induced leukaemic mice
Background: Securinega virosa (common bushweed; Chinese waterberry) is a widely distributed plant throughout tropical Africa and China, but can also be found in India, Malaya, and Australia. The leaves are used traditionally to treat fever, body pain, stomach ache, rheumatism, epilepsy, infectious and chronic diseases including diabetes and cancer due to the presence of phytochemicals of therapeutic importance. Objective: This study investigated the anti-leukaemic and chemopreventive properties of aqueous Securinega virosa leaf extracts in benzene-induced leukaemia. Methods: Forty male Swiss mice (weight range 15-32g) categorised into control (8) and test (32) groups were used. Leukaemia was induced in the test group using 400 mg/kg body weight benzene. Blood film was prepared and examined microscopically for the presence of blast cell to confirm leukaemia. For therapeutic studies, Securinega virosa extract was administered for a period of three weeks after blood was obtained for haematological studies and film preparation. Bone marrow extraction and liver tissue excision were done for microscopic and histopathological studies. Liver tissue malondialdehyde (MDA) and catalase levels were also determined. Results: showed the presence of blast cells in the blood and BM; and revealed a significant increase (p < 0.05) in percentage blast cells, percentage micronucleated polychromatic erythrocytes, leukocyte counts, erythrocyte count and liver MDA; and a significant decrease (p < 0.05) in haemoglobin concentration, haematocrit, platelet count, and liver catalase activities amongst leukaemic-untreated groups when compared to Securinega virosa extract-treated groups. Conclusion: The anti-leukaemic potentials and chemopreventive activity of aqueous Securinega virosa extract is hereby inferenced as indicated by improvements in haematological parameters, markers of oxidative stress, and the general liver cyto-architecture described by well-organised portal triad and well distributed hepatocytes among the extract-treated mice.
In vivo antimalarial activity of yoyo bitters®, a polyherbal formulation against Plasmodium berghei in Swiss mice
Background: The emergence of drug resistance necessitates the search for new antimalarial agents. Yoyo Bitters® is a branded polyherbal formulation commonly used in Nigeria. Objectives: The objective of the study was to investigate the in vivo antimalarial activity of Yoyo Bitters® in Swiss mice. Methods: Yoyo Bitters® was evaluated in a 4-day suppressive test against P. berghei. The treatment groups with five animals were inoculated with P. berghei on Day 0. Two hours post-infection, the mice in the test groups were treated with 200, 400 and 800mg of Yoyo Bitters® per kg body weight of mice, respectively this was done considering the dosage in humans. Negative control was administered distilled water (5 ml/kg), while positive control received chloroquine phosphate as (5 mg/kg). Blood smears were examined for parasitaemia on Day 4. Results: The average percentage parasitaemia in the negative control, 200 mg/kg, 400 mg/kg, 800 mg/kg and positive control groups were 24.11 %, 5.06 %, 10.0 %, 3.50 % and 0 %, respectively. Yoyo Bitters® dosage groups: 200, 400 and 800 mg/kg suppressed the parasitaemia by 79.0 %, 58.5 % and 85.5 %, respectively (p>0.05). Positive control had 100 % suppression. Conclusion: The bitters exhibited a dose independent suppressive activity on P.berghei in mice. These results support the use of Yoyo bitters as herbal medicine for the suppression of malaria.
Comparative study of the quality of atorvastatin tablet brands obtained from Lagos, Nigeria
Background: The quality of any pharmaceutical product significantly affects its effectiveness and safety. Atorvastatin, a widely used medication for managing cholesterol level, relies on meeting established standard for optimal clinical response. Objective: This research aimed at evaluation of the quality of the leading atorvastatin tablets brands marketed in Lagos, Nigeria. Methods: The assessments of the quality of eight atorvastatin brands (ATRO1, ATRO2, ATRO3, ATRO4, ATRO5, ATRO6, ATRO7, and ATRO8) were done using British Pharmacopoeia (BP) and United States Pharmacopeia (USP) methods. Physicochemical parameters (thickness, weight uniformity, diameter, friability, and hardness) were evaluated using British Pharmacopoeia (BP) methods, the active ingredient content was quantified using ultraviolet-visible spectrometry, and the dissolution profiles were analyzed using a USP dissolution apparatus II. Results: All brands met BP specifications for uniformity of weight and thickness. However, ATRO 2, ATRO 6, ATRO 7, and ATRO 8 had larger diameters than BP standard. ATRO1 exceeded the BP specification for friability. The hardness generally fell within acceptable ranges. Regarding percentage purity, only ATRO 1 and ATRO 7 met BP standards. Dissolution profile analysis revealed variations among the brands. Only ATRO 1 and ATRO 7 met the BP requirement of releasing 80% of atorvastatin within 30 minutes. Conclusion: There are observed variations in physicochemical parameters, percentage purity, and dissolution profiles among the eight brands of atorvastatin tablets and these could potentially impact the clinical effectiveness and safety of the medication. Strict quality control is essential to maintain consistency and efficacy of pharmaceuticals.
Pharmaceutical authentication in Nigeria: importers' and manufacturers' perspectives on mobile authentication services
Background: In 2012, NAFDAC (National Agency for Food and Drug Administration and Control) - the Nigerian foods and medicines regulator - introduced and mandated the use of Mobile Authentication Service (MAS) technology to reduce falsification ('faking') of medicines in Phase I. The MAS processes, perceptions and suggestions of the products' owners need to be investigated. Objective: This study explored the MAS process, perceptions of importers and manufacturers of medicines (holders of certificates of registration - HCRs) and their suggestions for the way forward. Methods: Qualitative method guided with the technology acceptance model (TAM) was used. Nine companies graded according to their commercial sizes participated. Transcripts of interviews were coded and analysed. Results: HCRs bore the costs and were involved in all stages of MAS, but not all HCRs favoured its use. They had divergent perceptions influenced by their commercial sizes. Interest in MAS waned because of problems and reduced publicity. Five MAS service providers assigned a code each, confirmed verification instead of NAFDAC controlling MAS with just one code. Conclusion: HCRs' perceptions differed in line with their sizes. Problems rendered it unreliable. Forcing MAS on all HCRs and NAFDAC not having the final say, did not look like a good regulatory method.
Substandard and Falsified medicines (SF)
Holders of Certificate of Registrations (HCRs)
Assessing attitudes of community pharmacists towards adolescent-friendly sexual and reproductive healthcare services in Ghana.
Background: Adolescents in Ghana face significant barriers to accessing sexual and reproductive health services (SRHS), and community pharmacists can play a key role in providing these services. However, their attitudes towards adolescent-friendly SRHS (AFSRHS) may influence service delivery. Objectives: This study assessed the attitudes of community pharmacists in four regions of Ghana towards providing AFSRHS. Methods: An analytical cross-sectional study was conducted among 357 licensed community pharmacists in the Bono, Bono East, Ahafo, and Ashanti regions. A census approach was used, and data were collected using a structured questionnaire covering pharmacists' norms, personal beliefs, attitudes towards adolescent SRHS, and perceptions of the clinical and policy environment. Data were analyzed using Stata version 16, and Bloom's classification was applied to categorize attitudes, with scores > 90% indicating a positive attitude. Results: Of the 357 pharmacists contacted, 192 responded (53.8 %). Most pharmacists (53.1 %) exhibited poor attitudes towards AFSRHS, while 46.9 % had positive attitudes. While 66.7 % supported equal confidentiality for adolescents and adults in SRH services, 37.5 % believed unmarried adolescents should be advised to abstain from contraceptive use. Comparison with other studies indicated that pharmacists in different settings tend to display more positive attitudes toward SRHS provision. Conclusion: The study revealed that many pharmacists in Ghana hold unfavorable attitudes towards AFSRHS, which may hinder adolescents' access to essential SRH services. Training programs and policy reforms are recommended to improve attitudes and create a more inclusive environment for adolescent healthcare.
Access and affordability of extemporaneously compounded essential medicines in some tertiary health facilities in Nigeria
Background: Some essential medicines are not readily available in the required dosage forms. The availability of extemporaneous preparations is crucial in the provision of medical care to patients, especially the geriatrics and paediatrics. Objectives: The objective of the study was to evaluate the prevalence of extemporaneous compounding of medicines and the factors affecting patients' access to extemporaneously compounded essential medicines in some tertiary hospitals in Nigeria. Methods: A retrospective survey was carried out at three different tertiary health facilities, Jos University Teaching Hospital (JUTH), Bingham University Teaching Hospital (BHUTH) Jos, and University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital, Enugu. Medicines for oral use compounded from January 2019 to December 2021 were extracted from pharmacy records using a semi-structured questionnaire and the data was analyzed using Microsoft Excel 2013, IBM SPSS version 21. Results: About 1,140 of the extemporaneous products, were in liquid dosage form made with trituration using crushed tablets. The most frequent preparations were hydroxyurea (34.39 %), Frusemide (8.86%), lamotrigene (7.54 %), phenobarbitone (6.14 %), clonazepam (5.61 %), spironolactone (5.96%). The most compounded therapeutic class was Antihypertensives, anticonvulsants, vitamins/minerals and least was antihistamines. The value for affordability of the compounded medicines in UNTH, JUTH and BhUTH was less than 1.0, which implies that all the compounded medicines were affordable. Conclusion: Extemporaneous compounding is a common practice in the health facilities under consideration. Patients' access to these medicines is affected by the price of the preparations. A higher price reduces accessibility.
The importance of antimicrobial stewardship (AMS) in the mitigation of antimicrobial resistance (AMR)
Background: Antimicrobials are a class of drugs used to treat infections caused by bacteria, fungi, viruses and protozoa. They are an extremely valuable resource across the spectrum of modern medicine. Their development has been linked with dramatic reductions in communicable disease mortality, and has facilitated technological advances in cancer therapy, transplantation, and surgery. But with the development of resistance to these antimicrobials, their usefulness is being threatened with associated worse outcomes for patients and higher costs of healthcare. Objectives: For these reasons, there is a need for implementing antimicrobial stewardship programs or interventions. While antimicrobial resistance is on the increase, antimicrobial drug development is slowing down, hence the importance of AMS in ensuring optimal use of antimicrobials. Methods: A search of existing literature on antimicrobial stewardship was carried out. Literature databases such as Google Scholar, Elsevier, PubMed, and Scopus were engaged in the review work. Results: The formation of an antimicrobial stewardship team necessitates an interdisciplinary composition, comprising professionals such as infectious disease (ID) specialists, hospital pharmacists, and clinical microbiologists, each equipped with substantial expertise and professional commitment in the realms of infection diagnosis, prevention, and treatment. Conclusion: Antimicrobial Stewardship will help in optimizing antimicrobial therapy and mitigating antimicrobial resistance. However, there is a need to ensure policy and guidelines formulation, enforcement and monitoring.
Knowledge, attitudes and practice of pharmacovigilance amongst community pharmacists: a case study of Ogun State, Nigeria
Background: Medicinal products are among the accomplished successes of the modern health, providing society with enormous benefits. However, medicinal product's known or unknown adverse drug reactions are contributing to deterioration of quality health and wellbeing. Core medicine safety information is generated during clinical trial phase with limitations to the detection of all adverse drug reaction (ADR) due to its restricted period. Pharmacovigilance focuses on detecting and reporting ADRs; hitherto, community pharmacists, often the first point of patients' contact, are preeminent in detecting and reporting ADRs. Objectives: To assess the knowledge, attitude and the application of pharmacovigilance amongst community pharmacists. Methods: Cross-sectional survey was conducted among community pharmacists in Ogun State. Data were obtained with a 33 - item self-administered questionnaire and analyzed using descriptive and Chi-square statistics. Results: Pharmacists' knowledge of pharmacovigilance and reporting of ADRs was adequate as 78.1 % soundly understood pharmacovigilance definition and 73.1 % are knowledgeable about reporting ADRs. The existence of pharmacovigilance centers was confirmed by 81.3 % respondents. The attitudes to pharmacovigilance were positive as 99.6 % believed that the role and utility of pharmacists in ADRs reporting is crucial to their practice. However, 51.9 % had a challenge with time and 96.3 % claimed easy accessibility to reporting forms would facilitate reporting. Age and years of experience of respondents were statistically significant with the knowledge, attitude and practice of pharmacovigilance amongst pharmacists. Conclusion: There was a relatively good knowledge of pharmacovigilance, and positive attitudes towards ADR reporting; however, time constraints and easy access to reporting forms were barriers to active reporting.
Prevalence and treatment patterns among adults with prostate disorder in a tertiary hospital, Bayelsa state, Nigeria
Background: The prevalence of prostate disorder in the elderly is usually high due to its association with age. However, changing lifestyle have made prostate disorder to reported in middle age adults in some health care facilities in some parts of the world. Objectives: This study evaluated the prevalence of prostate disorder, and medication use patterns among middle age adults in a tertiary healthcare facility in Bayelsa State, Nigeria. Methods: The study was a cross-sectional retrospective study with modified proforma used to assess patients diagnosed with prostate disorder between July 2020 and July 2022. Data on socio-demographics, prevalence and medication use pattern by the patients were collected. Descriptive analysis was done using SPSS version 25. Pearson Chi-square was done to determine the relationship of demographics with prevalence of prostate disorder, with level of significance set at p < 0.05. Results: The prevalence rate of prostate disorder was 29.2 %, and about one-third (34.8%) were above 60 years old. Tamsulocin (80.4 %) was the most prescribed anti prostate disorder drug, followed by Finasteride (66.3 %). More than one half (60.7 %) of the medications prescribed were antibiotics, with ciprofloxacin accounting for 14.1%%. Surgical procedures were carried out for 84.8% of the patients. Conclusion: There was high prevalence of prostate disorder with age especially with 61 years and above. High level of poly-pharmacy and overuse of antibiotics in this study center.
Assessment of pharmacist-patient medication counselling services at the National Orthopaedic Hospital Lagos, Nigeria
Background: Patient medication counselling is a core element of the pharmaceutical care process. All the activities of clinically oriented pharmacists are aimed at promoting the right use of medicines by the patient. Objectives: The general objective was to determine patients' perception of the benefits of pharmacist -patient medication counselling interactions. The specific objectives were to determine if there was an association between pharmacist-patient medication counseling interactions and patients' motivation to take medicine, patients' adherence to therapy and prevention of irrational drug use respectively. Methods: A 10-item pre-tested questionnaire was administered to 100 patients over a period of two weeks (14 days). The inclusion criterion was exposure to at least one previous pharmacist-patient counselling session i.e. one counselling session. Results: Patient benefit from pharmacist-patient medication counselling as shown by a mean score of 42.27 3.89 in 98% of respondents out of a possible mean score of 45. Pharmacist-patient medication counselling motivate patients to take their medications (χ2=39.13, P<0.05, Cl=95%). Pharmacist-patient medication counselling was associated with an improvement in patient medication adherence to drug therapy (χ2=24.29, P<0.05, Cl=95%) as well as prevention of irrational drug use (χ2=24.36, P<0.05, Cl=95%). Conclusion: Patients benefited from medication counseling by pharmacist. Medication counseling was associated with an increase in patients' motivation to take their medicines, as well as an improvement in medication therapy adherence and prevention of irrational drug use.