West African Journal of Pharmacy
type: channel
description: The West African Journal of Pharmacy is an open access quarterly journal allowing free unlimited access to abstract and full-text. The journal is designed to foster multi-displinary research and collaboration among pharmaceutical scientists, practising pharmacists, pharmaceutical industries and the healthcare sector, as well as provide an international forum for the communication and evaluation of data, communication and opinions in pharmacy practice and related disciplines. All manuscripts are subject to rapid peer review on the strict condition that have not been previously published or are under consideration for publication or in press.
publisher: West African Postgraduate College
language: en
publication name: West African Journal of Pharmacy
issn: 1118-9096
items: Antioxidant and in vitro membrane stabilization activities of leaf extract of Gossypium barbadense L. (Malvaceae)
items: Assessment of knowledge, perception and use of hormonal contraceptives by female undergraduate students in Benin City, Nigeria.
items: Assessment of the quality of Life, Adherence and side effects of Pharmacotherapy in Bipolar Patients being managed in a specialist Hospital in Nigeria.
items: Evaluation of antioxidant activity and vitamin C content of selected locally available fruits in Nigeria
items: Optimisation of clotrimazole emulgel using essential oils of Citrus sinensis and Zingiber officinale as permeation enhancers
items: Dimethyl fumarate attenuates scopolamine induced amnesia and oxidative stress in mice
items: Chloroform seed extract of Buchholzia coriacea (Capparaceae) ameliorates complete Freund's adjuvant–induced chronic inflammation in rat
items: Cost of illness analysis of Human Immuno-deficiency Virus/Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (HIV/AIDS) in a developing economy
items: Prevalence of malaria among women attending a tertiary hospital in Sokoto metropolis, North-Western Nigeria
items: Ziziphus abyssinica hydro-ethanolic root bark extract attenuates acute inflammation possibly through membrane stabilization and inhibition of protein denaturation and neutrophil degranulation
items: Assessment of adherence to antiretroviral therapy among patients in a tertiary hospital, Ibadan, southwest Nigeria
items: Herbal Medicines Use: Remedies or Risks
items: HPLC quantification of Ascorbic Acid, Thiamine and Nicotinamide in some local edible fruits
items: Toxicological evaluation of a complementary medicine for insomnia in rodents
items: Structures and processes for adult vaccination services in community pharmacies in Nigeria
items: Population pharmacokinetics of lumefantrine in the presence of nevirapine in HIV infected children
items: Phytomedicine: An abundant source of safe and efficacious therapeutics to revive local pharmaceutical production
items: Nutrition in preterm infants: A review of optimised oral and parenteral nutritional strategies
items: Impact of pharmaceutical care interventions on the resolution of drug therapy problems among HIV-infected patients on second-line antiretroviral therapy in a Nigerian tertiary healthcare facility
items: Formulation and evaluation of Neem-Reetha herbal shampoo containing glycerol and xanthan gum: A comparative study with a commercial shampoo
items: Exploring the secondary metabolites and antioxidant capacities of methanol extract of Peperomia pellucida (L.) Kunth Leaves
items: Effect of concomitant administration of sildenafil citrate and selected herbal bitters on sex hormones and some biochemical indices in Wistar rats
items: Detection of hydrogen cyanide in selected anti-malarial plants in Southwest Nigeria
items: Design and evaluation of co-processed gelatin - guar gum as binder/disintegrant in high drug-loading paracetamol tablet
items: Concurrent use of herbal and prescribed medicines and the associated factors among the elderly with chronic diseases in Ogun State, Nigeria
items: Comparative study of the quality of rosuvastatin tablet brands obtained from Mushin, Lagos, Nigeria.
items: Acetylcholinesterase inhibition, antioxidant and chemo-profile values of Xylopia aethiopica fruit and Corchorus olitorius leaf: preliminary neurological dysfunction protection evaluation
items: Adverse drug reactions to Ivermectin and Albendazole following mass drug administrations
items: Improving Malaria Case Management: A baseline and endline assessment of community pharmacists and medicine vendors in Nigeria
items: Trend analysis of rational medicine use and WHO indicators compliance at a tertiary referral hospital in Ghana

Antioxidant and in vitro membrane stabilization activities of leaf extract of Gossypium barbadense L. (Malvaceae)
type: item
description: Background: Gossypium barbadense L. (GB) is used in the treatment of various diseases such as convulsions, jaundice, gastrointestinal disorders, and rheumatism in African traditional medicine. Objectives: This study aimed at evaluating the antioxidant and in vitro membrane stabilization activities of leaf extracts of GB. Methods: Gossypium barbadense n-hexane (GBHE), dichloromethane (GBDC), ethyl acetate (GBET) and methanol (GBME) extracts were assayed for phytochemical constituents, DPPH free radicals cavenging activity, cytotoxicity using brine shrimp lethality assay as well as In vitro red blood cell membrane stabilization assay (MSA) Results: Phytochemical screening of GB revealed the presence of cardiac glycosides, tannins, flavonoids, and steroids. The GBME had the highest phenolic (196.8 ± 3.72 mgGAE/g sample), flavonoid content (75.1 ± 1.97 mgRE/g sample) and DPPH scavenging activity (IC50 of 3.56±0.82 µg/mL). Also, GBHE and GBME showed the highest and lowest cytotoxicity, respectively. The GBET demonstrated significant MSA of 83.71% at 1mg/mL, while Indomethacin gave 68.30% protection. Conclusion: The high contents of flavonoids and phenolics in Gossypium barbadense could be responsible for its antioxidant property and red blood cell membrane stabilization activity.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Antioxidant
  topic: keywords
subject: anti-inflammatory
  topic: keywords
subject: Gossypium barbadense
  topic: keywords
subject: membrane stabilization
  topic: keywords
subject: phenolic content
  topic: keywords
creator: Chibuamam Ilechukwu
creator: Mubo Sonibare
creator: Oluwafemi Oluwole
creator: Abayomi Ajayi
creator: Solomon Umukoro
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 West African Journal of Pharmacy https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2026-06-20
publication date: 2026-06-20
starting page: 116
ending page: 126
doi: 10.82351/wajp.vol29no2.472

Assessment of knowledge, perception and use of hormonal contraceptives by female undergraduate students in Benin City, Nigeria.
type: item
description: Background: Unwanted and unintended pregnancies that occur in young adults are associated with adverse maternal, foetal and neonatal outcomes. In order to avert these unintended pregnancies and consequent adverse outcomes, contraceptive use has been prioritized as a key intervention. Objectives: To evaluate the knowledge, perception and use of hormonal contraceptives among female undergraduates in a tertiary institution. Methods: A descriptive cross sectional study was carried out in the Ugbowo main campus of the University of Benin. A total of 320 undergraduate students from 300 level to 600 level of the Faculties of Agriculture, Management sciences and Pharmacy were surveyed using a validated self-administered questionnaire. The data obtained were analysed using Microsoft excel to obtain mean values, standard deviation, while statistical test for correlation was done using SPSS version22.0 Ethical considerations were observed. Results: A response rate of 99.4% was obtained, modal age was 21-25 years. Most (52%) of the respondents were in their third academic year, Christians, Bini by tribe and unmarried. These students had a good knowledge of hormonal contraceptive (73.5%) and a low prevalence of contraceptive use (35.5%). The media (46.4%) together with friends and family (45.5%) accounted for the major source of information on contraceptives. Emergency pill was the major form of hormonal contraceptive known (60%) and used by respondents. The major reasons given for none use of hormonal contraceptive were its intolerable side effects and some negative perceptions. For choice of contraceptive, ease of use (70.2%), cost (10.3%) and safety (8.8%) were the major criteria; others included accessibility (6.3%) and reliability (4.4%). Conclusion: This study has shown that though there is a good knowledge of contraceptives there is however a gap between knowledge and use of hormonal contraceptives among sexually active female undergraduate students despite its increased …
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: hormonal contraceptives
  topic: keywords
subject: knowledge
  topic: keywords
subject: perception
  topic: keywords
subject: students
  topic: keywords
creator: Penaere Osahon
creator: Zuleikha Nworgu
creator: Mascelene Braimoh
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 West African Journal of Pharmacy https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2026-06-20
publication date: 2026-06-20
starting page: 63
ending page: 71
doi: 10.82351/wajp.vol29no2.471

Assessment of the quality of Life, Adherence and side effects of Pharmacotherapy in Bipolar Patients being managed in a specialist Hospital in Nigeria.
type: item
description: Background:Advances in pharmacotherapy alongside psychotherapy enablesbipolardisorder (BPD) to become a manageable chronic mental condition. BPD has a major deleterious impact on many aspects of a patient's functioning and quality of life (QoL). Objectives: To assess theprescribed medication, QoL of patients, medication adherence, treatment cost and side effects. Methods: Adescriptive cross sectional study involving 46 BPD patients. A structured questionnaire was used to obtain data on sociodemographic, treatment variables and cost of treatment. WHOQoL-Bref was used to assess QoL of the patients. Clinical diagnosis and side effects were obtained from the patients'medical record. Adherence was assessed using tablet counting and side effects were also obtained from the patient.Data obtained were analysed using Systat? for Windows, version 10.2 (Systat Software Inc., USA Results: All the 46 questionnaires were valid for analysis, 35(76%) of the patients were 18-39 years old and 20(54%) were females. A total of 34(74%)f participants scored above 50% overall average values for QoL. There was no significant difference (p> 0.05) between QoL reported in correlation with treatment variables. Conclusion: Patient reported QoL was good and was independent of psychotropic drug regimen prescribed. The medication used are few conventional ones, adherence was high for most patients. Side effects reported received adequate interventions from the hospital staff. The average cost of treatment is not affordable by most of the respondents. Further studies are required in pharmacotherapy of BPD.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Bipolar disorder
  topic: keywords
subject: quality of life
  topic: keywords
subject: adherence
  topic: keywords
subject: side effects
  topic: keywords
subject: treatment cost
  topic: keywords
creator: Penaere Osahon
creator: Anthony Udezi
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 West African Journal of Pharmacy https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2026-06-20
publication date: 2026-06-20
starting page: 53
ending page: 62
doi: 10.82351/wajp.vol29no2.470

Evaluation of antioxidant activity and vitamin C content of selected locally available fruits in Nigeria
type: item
description: Background: Fruits have become popular in Nigeria as affordable sources of vitamins and minerals. Data on the nutrient content and antioxidant potential of many of the fruits is not readily available. Objective: This study determined the antioxidant activity and Vitamin C content of the juice of four locally available fruits in Nigeria. Methods: Fresh fruits of Chrisophyllum albidum (African star apple), Dialum guineense (African black velvet), Anarcadium occidentale (cashew) and Psidium gaujava (guava) were sourced from markets in Lagos, Nigeria. Their juice was extracted and analysed for phytochemical components and Vitamin C content using High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) method. The antioxidant activity was assessed in vitro using DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) method and ferric reducing power assay. Total phenolic content was also determined. Results: The samples contained vitamin C in the range of 123-182 mg/100 g of fruit pulp. Psidium gaujava samples showed the highest free radical scavenging activity while Dialum guineense had the strongest ferric reducing power. Total phenolic compounds were highest in the juice of Anarcadium occidentale (566 mg GAE/100 g) and lowest in Dialum guineense (106 mg GAE/100 g). Tannins, reducing sugar, carbohydrates, steroids, glycosides, proteins and saponins were detected in the samples in varying degrees. Conclusion: The juice of the fruit samples contained high amounts of vitamin C and exhibited good antioxidant activity. They can thus be used for prevention of free radical mediated diseases
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Antioxidant
  topic: keywords
subject: Vitamin C
  topic: keywords
subject: Fruits
  topic: keywords
subject: Total Phenolic Compound
  topic: keywords
subject: Proteins
  topic: keywords
creator: Celina Ogah
creator: Mbang Owolabi
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 West African Journal of Pharmacy https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2026-06-20
publication date: 2026-06-20
starting page: 105
ending page: 115
doi: 10.82351/wajp.vol29no2.469

Optimisation of clotrimazole emulgel using essential oils of Citrus sinensis and Zingiber officinale as permeation enhancers
type: item
description: Background: Current trends in emugel formulations are devoid of utilization of natural permeation enhancers which will increase the amount of clotrimazole that is available at the site of infection for treatment of vaginal candidiasis. Objective: The aim of this study is to develop clotrimazole emulgel using Carbopol® Ultrez 21 and Carbopol 940® and two natural permeation enhancers essential oils from the peel of Citrus sinensis and Zingiber officinale. Method: Eight clotrimazole emulgel formulations were prepared according to a 2 3 factorial design using qualitative factors and levels such as gelling agent type, natural permeation enhancers concentrations and emulsifying agent concentration. The formulated emugels underwent rheological evaluation, spreading coefficient, bioadhesive strength measurement. Release kinetics, microbiological assay and stability of the formulations were studied. In vivo release studies using cellulose based Ciprophan®membrane and ex vivo via rat skin permeation studies were carried out to evaluate the impact of the essential oils on the release of clotrimazole. Results: The increase in polymer concentration from 1% to 2% led to a corresponding increase in viscosity and spreadability of the emugel formulation. Hixon Crowell model best because it had correlation coefficient of 0.8464 – 0.9259 through membrane and 0.9245-0.9652 through rat skin. Correlation coefficient ranging from 0.9924 to 0.9992 means an excellent model fit. Conclusion: Utilization of Zingiber officinale essential oil in the emugel formulation at 3% w/w while eliciting synergistic antifungal activity with clotimazole, gave an enhanced release of clotimazole in vivo and ex vivo with flux 131.21±0.19 mg/cm 2 /h and 22.01±0.66mg/cm 2 /h respectively compared to the innovator brand 89.63±0.12 mg/cm 2 /h and 13.99±0.16mg/cm 2 /h respectively.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Emugels
  topic: keywords
subject: Alkyl acrylate cross polymer
  topic: keywords
subject: Citrus sinensis
  topic: keywords
subject: Zingiber officinale
  topic: keywords
subject: Permeation enhancers
  topic: keywords
creator: Margaret Ilomuanya
creator: Gilbert Ogbewele
creator: Yaa Osei
creator: Uloma Ubani-Ukoma
creator: Abimbola Sowemimo
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 West African Journal of Pharmacy https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2026-06-20
publication date: 2026-06-20
starting page: 19
ending page: 33
doi: 10.82351/wajp.vol29no2.468

Dimethyl fumarate attenuates scopolamine induced amnesia and oxidative stress in mice
type: item
description: Background: Memory and cognition, processes essential for adaptation and survival of organisms can be impaired by oxidative stress resulting from high amounts of reactive oxygen species in the brain. Dimethyl fumarate (DMF) is an immunomodulatory, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory agent currently used for management of remitting relapsing multiple sclerosis. Objective: In this study, we seek to evaluate the effect of DMF in scopolamine induced amnesia and oxidative stress in a murine model of cognition and memory. Methods: The effect of DMF on scopolamine induced amnesia in mice following acute and chronic treatment was evaluated using the Y-maze spontaneous alternation performance test as neurobehavioural test index. Levels of catalase, glutathione and malondialdehyde as determinants of brain oxidative stress were determined in isolated brain tissues following chronic treatment with DMF. Dimethyl sulphoxide solution was used as the control drug (vehicle) while donepezil was used as the reference memory enhancing agent. Results: DMF significantly (p<0.05) improved spontaneous alternation performance in the Y-maze test, post acute and chronic drug administration. Levels of catalase and glutathione in isolated brain tissues were significantly increased (p<0.05) following treatment with DMF while lipid peroxidation products indicated by malondialdehyde levels were significantly decreased (p<0.05). Conclusion: The results obtained suggest that DMF improves scopolamine induced memory and cognitive deficits and ameliorates oxidative stress in the brain.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Y-maze test
  topic: keywords
subject: catalase
  topic: keywords
subject: antioxidant
  topic: keywords
subject: amnesia
  topic: keywords
subject: glutathione
  topic: keywords
creator: Loretta Iniaghe
creator: Eloho Okpakpor
creator: Osaze Edosuyi
creator: Osasu Idemudia
creator: Michael Adama
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 West African Journal of Pharmacy https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2026-06-20
publication date: 2026-06-20
starting page: 127
ending page: 139
doi: 10.82351/wajp.vol29no2.467

Chloroform seed extract of Buchholzia coriacea (Capparaceae) ameliorates complete Freund's adjuvant–induced chronic inflammation in rat
type: item
description: Background: Buchholzia coriacea seeds are used in traditional African medicine as remedies for various diseases including sinusitis, nasal congestion, ulcers, rheumatic pains, febrile convulsions, and dementia. Objective: This study was carried out to evaluate the effect of chloroform seed extract of Buchholzia coriacea (CEBC) on complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA)-induced inflammation in rats. Methods: CEBC (100, 200 or 400 mg/kg/day, p.o.) or celecoxib (30 mg/kg, p.o.; standard reference drug) were administered for 28 days after administration of CFA on day 1. The effects of CEBC on inflammation index, haematological and biochemical profiles as well as oxidative stress parameters were assayed. Results: CEBC (100, 200 and 400 mg/kg) produced significant (p<0.001, p<0.05 and p<0.01 respectively) reduction in CFA-induced oedema in the rats' paw in a non-dose-dependent manner with highest effect observed at 200 mg/kg/day. The extract (200 or 400 mg/kg) also caused significant decrease (p<0.001 and p<0.0001, respectively) in serum AST levels when compared to CFA-vehicle treated. Furthermore, CEBC increased hepatic glutathione (GSH) levels, catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities with a corresponding reduction in the MDA concentration when compared with CFA-vehicle treated. Conclusion: Findings from this study showed that the chloroform extract of B. coriacea possesses anti-inflammatory effect possibly through inhibition of release of inflammatory mediators and enhancement of antioxidant defense system. This lends further credence to the folklore use of B. coriacea in the management of inflammatory conditions such as rheumatoid arthritis.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: antioxidants
  topic: keywords
subject: Complete Freund's Adjuvant (CFA)
  topic: keywords
subject: chronic inflammation
  topic: keywords
subject: liver injury
  topic: keywords
subject: creatinine
  topic: keywords
creator: Onohuean Hope
creator: Oreagba Ibrahim
creator: Lawal Saheed
creator: Ifie Josiah
creator: Ishola Ismaila
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 West African Journal of Pharmacy https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2026-06-20
publication date: 2026-06-20
starting page: 95
ending page: 104
doi: 10.82351/wajp.vol29no2.466

Cost of illness analysis of Human Immuno-deficiency Virus/Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (HIV/AIDS) in a developing economy
type: item
description: Background: Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy is for lifetime of the patients from time of diagnosis of HIV/AIDS. This translates into a substantial cost in drug therapy to the patients, government and donor agencies. Objective: To conduct cost of illness analysis of HIV/AIDS in a Developing Economy in 2016. Methods: A one-year retrospective review of 2560 prescriptions of 396 HIV/AIDS patients' case notes from January to December, 2016 obtained by systematic random sampling from 4800 case-notes of subjects that participated in this study was conducted. Sampling Interval =10 A data collection form was designed and used to collect data generated from the selected case notes. Cost of Illness was determined by prevalence rate method, using direct costs only. Results: The annual cost of illness for the 396 HIV/AIDS patients on highly active antiretroviral therapy was ?40,674,760 (US$127,108.3) with drug, diagnostic/monitoring tests, transport, care/support and personnel cost components of ?25,479,760; US$79,624.3 (62.64%), ?7,200,000; US$22,500 (17.71%), ?1,440,000; US$4,500(3.54%), ?2,880,000; US$9,000 (7.08%) and ?3,675,000; US$11484 (9.03%) respectively. The annual average cost of illness of HIV/AIDS was ?102,714.04 (US$320.98) Conclusion: The annual average cost of illness of HIV/AIDS represent 97% of annual per capita income. This is enormous. The Annual National cost of illness for HIV/AIDS in Nigeria, a developing economy may be about N590 billion annually.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Cost of Illness
  topic: keywords
subject: Analysis
  topic: keywords
subject: HIV/AIDS
  topic: keywords
subject: Developing economy
  topic: keywords
creator: Abdulganiyu Giwa
creator: Halima Giwa
creator: Muslim Jamiu
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 West African Journal of Pharmacy https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2026-06-20
publication date: 2026-06-20
starting page: 44
ending page: 52
doi: 10.82351/wajp.vol29no2.465

Prevalence of malaria among women attending a tertiary hospital in Sokoto metropolis, North-Western Nigeria
type: item
description: Background: Nigeria currently has the second largest maternal mortality and highest transmission of malaria in the world. Approximately 9.2 million women and young girls who get pregnant annually in Nigeria are at risk of malaria in pregnancy (MIP). MIP is associated with adverse outcomes on both the mother and foetus. Objective: To assess the prevalence of malaria among women attending a tertiary hospital within Sokoto metropolis. Methods: The study was cross-sectional retrospective study. Records of women aged 15 years and above were extracted from the patient records (Jan – Dec, 2015) at Specialist Hospital Sokoto. Statistical analysis was performed using Chi-Squared test and risk ratio was calculated. Result: A total of 71,384 women attended the hospital during the study period of which 10,408 were diagnosed to have malaria giving a prevalence of 14.6%. The prevalence was higher (p<0.05) among pregnant women, MIP (18.0%) than non-pregnant women, MIW (13.7%). The highest prevalence was recorded in the month of January (30.9%) while the lowest prevalence was seen in December with a prevalence of 8.2%. Conclusion: The prevalence of malaria in the study population was 14% and pregnant women had a higher risk of malaria infection. A more robust prospective study is required to confirm the findings.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Maternal health
  topic: keywords
subject: Malaria
  topic: keywords
subject: Malaria in pregnancy
  topic: keywords
subject: maternal death
  topic: keywords
subject: prevalence
  topic: keywords
subject: women
  topic: keywords
creator: Gabriel Uyaiabasi
creator: Millicent Umaru
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 West African Journal of Pharmacy https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2026-06-20
publication date: 2026-06-20
starting page: 72
ending page: 80
doi: 10.82351/wajp.vol29no2.464

Ziziphus abyssinica hydro-ethanolic root bark extract attenuates acute inflammation possibly through membrane stabilization and inhibition of protein denaturation and neutrophil degranulation
type: item
description: Background: Despite the widespread use of Ziziphus abyssinica (ZAE) roots and claims of its efficacy against diverse inflammatory conditions in traditional medicine, there is paucity of information on the scientific basis for its folkloric use. Objectives: The current study evaluated the anti-inflammatory property of the root bark extract of ZAE and its possible mechanism(s) of action in in vivo and in vitro experimental models. Methods: Anti-inflammatory activity of ZAE was assessed in vitro using heat and hypotonic solution – induced haemolysis as well as egg albumin (EA) and bovine serum albumin (BSA) denaturation assays. Carrageenan and formalin-induced paw oedema and carrageenan-induced peritonitis in rats were used to evaluate the anti-inflammatory property of the extract in vivo. Results: ZAE (100, 300 and 1000 µg/mL) significantly inhibited heat and hypotonic solution-induced haemolysis as well as EA and BSA-induced denaturation. ZAE (300 mg/kg, p.o.) similar to diclofenac (10 mg/kg,p.o.), significantly (P<0.05) reduced paw oedema by 40.77±6.82 and 54.81 ± 3.74% respectively in carrageenan-induced paw oedema test. The percentage inhibitions produced by ZAE (30, 100 and 300 mg/kg,p.o.) were 3.31±22.12, 49.89±2.98 and 76.98±0.50 % respectively compared to 80.51±0.53 % produced by diclofenac (10 mg/kg, p.o.) in the formalin-induced paw oedema test. Massive recruitment of leukocytes (mainly neutrophils) into the peritoneal cavity of the rats by carrageenan was significantly (P<0.01) reduced by ZAE (30, 100 and 300 mg/kg p.o.) and dexamethasone (5 mg/kg, p.o.). Conclusions: The inhibitory effect of ZAE against acute inflammation in this study provides scientific basis for its use in folk medicine and reveals its potential as a source of novel anti-inflammatory agent.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Ziziphus abyssinica
  topic: keywords
subject: carrageenan-induced peritonitis
  topic: keywords
subject: formalin-induced paw oedema
  topic: keywords
subject: acute inflammation
  topic: keywords
subject: in vitro
  topic: keywords
subject: in vivo
  topic: keywords
subject: anti-inflammatory property
  topic: keywords
creator: Isaac Henneh
creator: Elvis Ameyaw
creator: Robert Bineya
creator: Francis Armah
creator: Ernest Obese
creator: Daniels Konjah
creator: Eric Otumi
creator: Martins Ekor
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 West African Journal of Pharmacy https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2026-06-20
publication date: 2026-06-20
starting page: 81
ending page: 94
doi: 10.82351/wajp.vol29no2.463

Assessment of adherence to antiretroviral therapy among patients in a tertiary hospital, Ibadan, southwest Nigeria
type: item
description: Background: Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) infection remains a pandemic of global concern. The widespread use of antiretroviral drugs has made HIV/AIDS a manageable chronic illness. Adherence to antiretroviral therapy has emerged as a crucial issue in HIV/AIDS therapeutics. Objectives: To assess adherence to antiretroviral therapy (ART) in adult out-patients attending the AIDS Prevention Initiative in Nigeria (APIN) clinic of Adeoyo Maternity Teaching Hospital Yemetu, Ibadan, Oyo State. Method: A descriptive and prospective study in which 384 adult out-patients infected with HIV and attending antiretroviral clinic, on antiretroviral drugs for more than one month were invited to complete questionnaires which recorded sociodemographic data and other patient psychosocial variables in relation to adherence with prescribed medications. Adherence to antiretroviral therapy was evaluated using patient's self report. Result: A good adherence level of 95.9% was recorded in this study. Some patient-factors that could affect adherence to therapy were pill burden 38.9%, drug's side effects 29.5%, forgetfulness 29.2%, hunger and time 0.6%, and fear of stigmatization 0.2%. Using bivariate analysis, there was no statistical significance between adherence level and sociodemographic characteristics of the respondents. Conclusion: Adult out-patients on antiretrovirals were observed to adhere well to therapy.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Antiretroviral therapy
  topic: keywords
subject: adult out-patients
  topic: keywords
subject: adherence
  topic: keywords
subject: Ibadan
  topic: keywords
creator: Mojirayo Durowaiye
creator: Michael Durowaiye
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 West African Journal of Pharmacy https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2026-06-20
publication date: 2026-06-20
starting page: 34
ending page: 43
doi: 10.82351/wajp.vol29no2.462

Herbal Medicines Use: Remedies or Risks
type: item
description: Background: There is an increasing use of herbal products and herbal medicines globally with the belief that herbal medicines are always 'safe' and carry no risk because they are from natural sources. However, there are concerns regarding medicinal plants and their ability to produce adverse effects. The World Health Organization (WHO) directive encourages developing countries to supplement their health programmes with traditional herbal preparations provided they are proven to be non-toxic Objectives: Some plants and their constituents have been shown to be potentially toxic. In this paper, we review data looking at the benefits and risks of herbal medicines use. Results: Literature search shows the huge role herbs play in health and wellness as some conventional medicines were originally derived from natural sources. For example, Digitalis, a cardiac glycoside was derived from the foxglove plant (Digitalis purpurea L.); the anticancer drug Vincristine was derived from periwinkle (Cantharnthus rosues Linn. G. Donn); the antidiarrhoeal and narcotic analgesic drugs Codeine, Morphine and paregoric were derived from the opium poppy (Papaver somniferum L.); the antimalarial drugs Quinine and Artemisinin were, respectively, derived from Cinchona pubescens Vahl and Artemisia annua L.Despite the profound therapeutic benefits possessed by medicinal plants, some of them have been found to be toxic to specific organs, mutagenic or teratogenic. Current study revealed that Azadirachta indica, Morinda lucida, and Enantia chlorantha possessed mutagenic potentials in modified Ames assays, while Alstonia boonei induced testicular and kidney damage. Conclusion: Herbal medicines have significant benefits in health and wellness, but must be cautiously used due to their potentials for toxicity. Overall, the integration of herbal medicine into national healthcare scheme may enhance safe use of herbal remedies via appropriate research, regulation and rational use of herbal medicine.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Herbal medicine
  topic: keywords
subject: Nigeria
  topic: keywords
subject: National Health Care Scheme
  topic: keywords
subject: Safety
  topic: keywords
subject: World Health Organization
  topic: keywords
creator: Olufunsho Awodele
creator: Olugbenga Fajemirokun
creator: Ibrahim Oreagba
creator: Titilola Samuel
creator: Temidayo Popoola
creator: AbdulGafar Coulidiaty
creator: Promise Emeka
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 West African Journal of Pharmacy https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2026-06-20
publication date: 2026-06-20
starting page: 1
ending page: 18
doi: 10.82351/wajp.vol29no2.461

HPLC quantification of Ascorbic Acid, Thiamine and Nicotinamide in some local edible fruits
type: item
description: Background: Health and nutritional problem continues to be of increasing concern worldwide. Fruits are good source of vitamins and mineral, it plays a vital role in our health and also helps the human to maintain a healthy diet. Objective: The current study was conducted for the determination of water-soluble vitamins like thiamine(vitamin B1 ), niacin (vitamin B3 ) and ascorbic acid (vitamin C) in twelve highly consumed local edible fruits named as Green and Red apple (Malus domestica), Soursop (Annona muricata), Cucumber (Cucumis sativus) Pear (Pyrus communis), Carrot (Daucus carota), Golden melon (Cucumis melo), Mango (Magnifera indica), Grape (Citrus paradise), Pinneaple (Ananas comosus), Orange (Citrus sinensis) and Lime (Citrus aurantifolia). Methods: The analyses were performed by High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) using an analytical reversed phase C-8 (Zorbax Eclipse XDB RP C8 150x4.6mm, 5µm particle size) column and coupled to a UV detector. Results: The ascorbic acid in fruits analysed varied from 0.249 to 4.439 mg/100g, nicotinamide varied from 4.190 to 44.031 mg/100g, while thiamine varied from 0.171 to 1.250mg/100g. Red apple had the highest content of ascorbic acid, golden melon had the highest for nicotinamide and lime fruit had the highest for thiamine. Conclusion: It is hoped that these data will be helpful in the preparation of a complete food composition table which will be used for the preparation of diet therapy, for food based dietary guidelines, for nutrition education, for food security, safety and regulation, for the labelling of food in food industry, for nutritional survey and also for other research purposes.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: HPLC Analysis
  topic: keywords
subject: fruits
  topic: keywords
subject: vitamin B1 vitamin B3
  topic: keywords
subject: vitamin C
  topic: keywords
creator: David Adeyemi
creator: Kafayat Temitope
creator: Oluwatosin Johnson
creator: Gloria Ayoola
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 West African Journal of Pharmacy https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2026-06-20
publication date: 2026-06-20
starting page: 140
ending page: 146
doi: 10.82351/wajp.vol29no2.460

Toxicological evaluation of a complementary medicine for insomnia in rodents
type: item
description: Background: Relaxing Tea is a herbal remedy widely used in Nigeria in the management of insomnia. Given than literature data have highlighted the possibility of adverse effects, sometimes life-threatening, arising from the use of herbal remedies, we conducted an extensive toxicological evaluation of this complementary medicine. Method: In an acute toxicity test, mice were orally administered Relaxing Tea up to 6000 mg/kg. Analyses of rat tissue and serum biochemical, haematological, and semen parameters were carried out following daily administration of Relaxing Tea at 100, 200, and 400 mg/kg orally for 90 days. Histology of critical organs was also conducted. Result: Relaxing Tea at 6000 mg/kg was non-lethal in mice. Daily dosing of Relaxing Tea for 90 days resulted in increased serum levels of Aspartate aminotransferase (AST), Alanine aminotransferase (ALT), creatinine, urea, and triglycerides, as well as an increase in sperm percentage abnormality. In contrast, there were decreases in kidney catalase, glutathione, and sperm counts compared to the control group (saline 10 ml/kg). However, there were no significant differences in weight, haematological parameters, serum and liver anti-oxidant parameters. Treated rats also showed signs of oedema in the brain, congestion of liver blood vessels, and degeneration of the seminiferous tubules, but no toxic effect on kidneys histologically. Conclusion: These results suggest that Relaxing Tea may not be considered safe following long-term exposure. Résumé Contexte: La tisane relaxante est un remède à base de plantes largement utilisé au Nigéria pour le traitement de l'insomnie. Compte tenu des données publiées soulignant la possibilité d'effets indésirables, parfois mortels, liés à l'utilisation de remèdes à base de plantes, nous avons mené une évaluation toxicologique approfondie de cette médecine complémentaire. Méthode: Lors d'un test de toxicité aiguë, des souris ont reçu par voie orale une tisane relaxante jusqu'à une…
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Relaxing Tea
  topic: keywords
subject: toxicity
  topic: keywords
subject: Matricaria chamomilla
  topic: keywords
subject: Hypericum perforatum
  topic: keywords
subject: insomnia
  topic: keywords
subject: herbal medicine
  topic: keywords
subject: tisane relaxante
  topic: keywords
subject: toxicité
  topic: keywords
subject: insomnie
  topic: keywords
subject: phytothérapie
  topic: keywords
creator: Olufunsho Awodele
creator: Temidayo Popoola
creator: Farouk Oladoja
creator: Akin Akinyede
creator: Adeola Omisanya
creator: Nicholas Awolola
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 West African Journal of Pharmacy https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2026-05-25
publication date: 2026-05-25
starting page: 66
ending page: 81
doi: 10.82351/wajp.vol37no1.458

Structures and processes for adult vaccination services in community pharmacies in Nigeria
type: item
description: Background: Community pharmacists are highly accessible health professionals. This accessibility positions pharmacies as logical settings to deliver routine adult vaccinations, accelerate uptake, and decongest other health facilities. To realise this potential, however, pharmacy-based vaccination must be underpinned by clear structures and robust processes. Objectives: This study aimed to identify the structures available for adult vaccination services and the processes followed for community pharmacy services in Nigeria. Methods: This was a descriptive, cross-sectional study. The study population consisted of registered community pharmacies in one state from each of the six geopolitical zones of Nigeria, including Lagos State and the Federal Capital Territory (FCT). Data were collated and entered into Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 25. Results: Most community pharmacies (348,97.2 %) had adequate space for vaccine consultation, facilities for hand washing (311,86.9 %), and sharps disposal (348,97.2 %). Most of the community pharmacists (299,83.5 %) always follow standard operating procedures in administering and handling vaccines. Conclusion: Community pharmacies in Nigeria have relatively adequate structures in place, and mostly follow standardized processes in rendering adult vaccination services. Résumé Contexte: Les pharmaciens communautaires sont des professionnels de santé hautement accessibles. Cette accessibilité fait des pharmacies des lieux appropriés pour la prestation des vaccinations de routine chez les adultes, permettant d'en accroître la couverture et de désengorger les autres structures de santé. Toutefois, pour concrétiser ce potentiel, la vaccination en pharmacie doit reposer sur des structures clairement définies et des processus solides. Objectifs: Cette étude visait à identifier les structures disponibles pour les services de vaccination des adultes et les processus suivis par les services de pharmacie communautaire au N…
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Nigeria
  topic: keywords
subject: Community Pharmacy
  topic: keywords
subject: Vaccination services
  topic: keywords
subject: Process
  topic: keywords
subject: Structure
  topic: keywords
subject: Nigéria
  topic: keywords
subject: pharmacie communautaire
  topic: keywords
subject: services de vaccination
  topic: keywords
subject: processus
  topic: keywords
creator: Rotkangmwa Okunlola
creator: Simeon Omale
creator: Maxwell Dapar
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 West African Journal of Pharmacy https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2026-05-25
publication date: 2026-05-25
starting page: 125
ending page: 134
doi: 10.82351/wajp.vol37no1.457

Population pharmacokinetics of lumefantrine in the presence of nevirapine in HIV infected children
type: item
description: Background: The geographical overlap of malaria and HIV in sub-Saharan Africa poses a major public health challenge, which is further worsened by the potential interactions between antimalarial and antiretroviral drugs when co-administered. Objective: This study aimed to determine the population pharmacokinetic parameters of lumefantrine in the presence of nevirapine in HIV infected children. Methods: A sparse pharmacokinetic study of lumefantrine was conducted in children living with HIV and being treated with nevirapine-based antiretroviral drug combination and were also being treated for malaria using artemether/lumefantrine (AL) combination. Blood sampling was performed at baseline (pre-dose, day 0) and at three additional time points selected from days 1, 3, 7, 14, 21, or 28. The pharmacokinetic modeling of lumefantrine was performed using a population approach with a non-linear mixed effect model (NLMEM) using a software program MonolixSuite® 2019 version R2, Lixoft, Antony, France, (http://www.lixoft.com). Results: Lumefantrine pharmacokinetics were best described by a three-compartment disposition model with transit-compartment absorption and additive residual error. The mean transit time was 1.16 h, and apparent elimination clearance was estimated at 0.84, with low between-subject variability. Concomitant nevirapine use was associated with a modest, non-significant 6% increase in apparent lumefantrine clearance (P > 0.05). Allometric weight-based models did not significantly improve model performance. Diagnostic plots and visual predictive checks confirmed adequate model fit and predictive performance. Conclusion: Nevirapine-based antiretroviral therapy did not result in clinically meaningful alteration of lumefantrine pharmacokinetics in children. These findings support continued use of standard weight-based artemether-lumefantrine dosing in HIV-infected paediatric populations receiving nevirapine. Résumé Contexte: De nombreux systèmes de santé dépendent l…
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Children
  topic: keywords
subject: Malaria
  topic: keywords
subject: Artemether-lumefantrine
  topic: keywords
subject: Drug interaction
  topic: keywords
subject: Population pharmacokinetics
  topic: keywords
subject: Afrique
  topic: keywords
subject: efficacité
  topic: keywords
subject: sécurité
  topic: keywords
subject: production locale
  topic: keywords
subject: phytomédecine
  topic: keywords
creator: Lawal Saheed
creator: Busari Abdulwasiu
creator: Akinyede Akinwunmi
creator: Oreagba Ibrahim
creator: Oshikoya Kazeem
creator: Akinleye Mashood
creator: Temiye Edamisan
creator: Akanmu Sulaiman
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 West African Journal of Pharmacy https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2026-05-25
publication date: 2026-05-25
starting page: 135
ending page: 148
doi: 10.82351/wajp.vol37no1.456

Phytomedicine: An abundant source of safe and efficacious therapeutics to revive local pharmaceutical production
type: item
description: Background: Many health systems largely depend on phytomedicines. However, these therapeutic agents are being criticized because of the limited information on their quality, safety and efficacy. Objectives: This review aimed to aggregate scientific evidence on the availability, safety and efficacy of phytomedicines, to reveal the available methods for optimizing their quality and to intensify the need for their local production. Methods: About 1000 peer reviewed articles from 5 databases (Google scholar, Pubmed, Scopus, Web of Science and Science direct) were reviewed to extract relevant information on this subject of discussion. Results: Over 50,000 plant species are known to occur in sub-Saharan Africa alone; and over 5,000 plants are already known to be used for medicinal purposes in Africa, but only a few have been adequately studied. African countries and institutions, including researchers have continued to document medicinal plants of importance as knowledge grows and new information emerge. Phytomedicines are known to be useful in managing many diseases but there are challenges of standardization, formulation and safe use in some instances. There are now several ways of addressing these challenges. Conclusion: It is clear that our health system largely depends on traditional medicines and the world is returning to nature. Africa is rich in medicinal plants and the medicinal components can be converted to suitable dosage forms; hence, an enhanced production of phytomedicines could revive local pharmaceutical production. Résumé Contexte: De nombreux systèmes de santé dépendent largement des phytomédicaments. Cependant, ces agents thérapeutiques font l'objet de critiques en raison du manque d'informations sur leur qualité, leur innocuité et leur efficacité. Objectifs: Cette étude vise à rassembler les données scientifiques sur la disponibilité, l'innocuité et l'efficacité des phytomédicaments, à mettre en évidence les méthodes disponibles pour optimiser leur qu…
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Africa
  topic: keywords
subject: Efficacy
  topic: keywords
subject: Safety
  topic: keywords
subject: Local production
  topic: keywords
subject: Phytomedicine
  topic: keywords
subject: Afrique
  topic: keywords
subject: efficacité
  topic: keywords
subject: sécurité
  topic: keywords
subject: production locale
  topic: keywords
subject: phytomédecine
  topic: keywords
creator: Martins Emeje
creator: Emmanuel Olorunsola
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 West African Journal of Pharmacy https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2026-05-25
publication date: 2026-05-25
starting page: 1
ending page: 11
doi: 10.82351/wajp.vol37no1.455

Nutrition in preterm infants: A review of optimised oral and parenteral nutritional strategies
type: item
description: Background: Nutrition is a cornerstone of a preterm infant's life, providing the essential nutrients required to support the body's fundamental functions ensures survival. However, meeting the nutritional needs of preterm neonates presents unique challenges, as their feeding requirements far exceed those of full-term infants. Despite advancements in feeding strategies, poor growth rates and neurocognitive disabilities remain prevalent in this population, largely due to feeding difficulties, increased respiratory workload, and immature gastrointestinal systems. Objective: This review seeks to explore preterm nutrition and the availability of sufficient nutrients for the support, growth and weight gain of preterm infants in a manner comparable to a fetus of the same gestational age. Method: This narrative review investigates the physiological effects of preterm birth on infant organ systems, the distinctive nutritional needs of preterm neonates, and the various factors influencing their nutritional status, such as mode of delivery, maternal corticosteroid use, breastfeeding practices. It also examines current nutritional strategies, including intravenous administration of dextrose, amino acids, and lipids for severely preterm infants. Key Findings: Preterm infants face unique challenges such as underdeveloped organs, environmental challenges which do not exist in the third trimester in the uterus but exist in neonatal care units. Conclusion: Breast milk is key for preterm nutrition. Its fortification especially for infants that are very preterm is recommended if the mother lacks of access to an ideal diet. Administration of micronutrients such as Iron, Zinc, Vitamin D, E, K, and A help prevent preterm morbidity and mortality. The administration of probiotics to preterm infants to improve GUT maturity and digestion is currently under consideration. Résumé Contexte: La nutrition est un pilier essentiel à la survie du nourrisson prématuré. Fournir les nutriments indispen…
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: feeding
  topic: keywords
subject: malnutrition
  topic: keywords
subject: infants
  topic: keywords
subject: preterm
  topic: keywords
subject: Nutrition
  topic: keywords
subject: alimentation
  topic: keywords
subject: nourrissons
  topic: keywords
subject: prématurité
  topic: keywords
creator: Ibilola Cardoso-Daodu
creator: Bryan Okwuba
creator: Evans Ekeji
creator: Margaret Ilomuanya
creator: Chukwuemeka Azubuike
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 West African Journal of Pharmacy https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2026-05-25
publication date: 2026-05-25
starting page: 12
ending page: 27
doi: 10.82351/wajp.vol37no1.454

Impact of pharmaceutical care interventions on the resolution of drug therapy problems among HIV-infected patients on second-line antiretroviral therapy in a Nigerian tertiary healthcare facility
type: item
description: Background: Drug Therapy Problems (DTPs) are a major obstacle to effective disease management and treatment success, especially in chronic conditions like HIV infection. Objectives: This study evaluated the impact of pharmaceutical care interventions on the resolution of DTPs and medication adherence among HIV-infected patients on second-line antiretroviral therapy (ART) at Usmanu Danfodiyo University Teaching Hospital, Sokoto, Nigeria. Methods: This was a prospective interventional study involving 107 HIV patients on second-line ART. The patients were assessed for DTPs during routine clinic visits, and interventions such as medication counselling, ADR management, and adherence support were provided and followed for 8 weeks. The identified DTPs were categorized using the Pharmaceutical Care Network Europe (PCNE) Classification System. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and the student t-test, with significance set at p< 0.05. Results: Eighty-two DTPs were identified among 71 patients (66.4 %), with an average of 1.2 DTPs per patient. Nonadherence (81.7 %) and ADRs (18.3 %) were the most common DTPs identified, mainly due to inappropriate drug combinations and patient not taking their drugs. All the interventions were accepted by the patients and the prescribers, resulting in a 100 % acceptance rate. During follow-up, 95.1 % of the identified DTPs were resolved, and medication adherence significantly improved by 0.682± 0.708 (t = 9.962, p< 0.001). Conclusion: Pharmaceutical care interventions significantly reduced DTPs and improved adherence. Incorporating such care into HIV treatment is recommended to enhance patient outcomes. Résumé Contexte: Les problèmes liés à la pharmacothérapie (PLP) constituent un obstacle majeur à la prise en charge efficace des maladies et au succès du traitement, notamment dans les affections chroniques comme l'infection par le VIH. Objectifs: Cette étude a évalué l'impact des interventions de soins pharmaceutiques sur la réso…
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Second-line antiretroviral therapy
  topic: keywords
subject: Pharmaceutical care interventions
  topic: keywords
subject: HIV
  topic: keywords
subject: Drug therapy problems
  topic: keywords
subject: traitement antirétroviral de deuxième ligne
  topic: keywords
subject: interventions pharmaceutiques
  topic: keywords
subject: VIH
  topic: keywords
subject: problèmes liés à la pharmacothérapie
  topic: keywords
creator: Zainab Bashir
creator: Muhammad Zayyad
creator: Nuhu Danjuma
creator: Aminu Biambo
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 West African Journal of Pharmacy https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2026-05-25
publication date: 2026-05-25
starting page: 161
ending page: 169
doi: 10.82351/wajp.vol37no1.449

Formulation and evaluation of Neem-Reetha herbal shampoo containing glycerol and xanthan gum: A comparative study with a commercial shampoo
type: item
description: Background: Shampoos are detergent solutions for the cleansing of hair and scalp. Herbal shampoos are considered as better alternatives to synthetic ones because they are kinder and they provide vital nutrients for the hair and scalp. However, there is a need for their standardization. Objectives: This study focused on the formulation and evaluation of Neem-Reetha-based herbal shampoo as a natural, eco-friendly alternative to synthetic commercial shampoos. Methods: Aqueous leaf extract of Neem (Azadirachta indica) and ethanol pericarp extract of Reetha (Sapindus mukorossi) were blended with glycerol, xanthan gum, sodium benzoate, citric acid, and rosemary essential oil to produce a 100 mL herbal shampoo. The formulation was assessed for organoleptic, physicochemical, and functional properties and compared with a commercial (Elan®) shampoo. Results: The formulated shampoo appeared greenish-brown with a pleasant herbal fragrance while Elan® is a light brown perfumed product. It exhibited a slightly alkaline pH of 7.56 compared to Elan's 6.81 which is closer to the scalp-friendly mild acidity. Both products had acceptable solid content (25% versus 30%), but the herbal shampoo demonstrated better foaming ability (110.00 mL versus 93.00 mL), higher viscosity (44.79 mPa.s versus 32.08 mPa.s) and longer wetting time (188 s versus 158 s). The cleaning efficiency was comparable as dirts dispersed effectively in water in both cases. Conclusion: This study shows that Neem-Reetha shampoo is an effective, mild and aesthetically appealing formulation with strong cleansing and foaming performance. The formulation demonstrates high potential as a sustainable, plant-based alternative to synthetic shampoos. Résumé Contexte: Les shampoings sont des solutions détergentes destinées au nettoyage des cheveux et du cuir chevelu. Les shampoings à base de plantes sont considérés comme de meilleures alternatives aux shampoings synthétiques car ils sont plus doux et apportent des nutriments es…
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Xanthan gum
  topic: keywords
subject: Glycerol
  topic: keywords
subject: Shampoo
  topic: keywords
subject: Herbal
  topic: keywords
subject: Reetha
  topic: keywords
subject: Neem
  topic: keywords
subject: gomme xanthane
  topic: keywords
subject: glycérol
  topic: keywords
subject: à base de plantes
  topic: keywords
creator: Angels Okolie
creator: David Friday
creator: Ugochi Ewii
creator: Emmanuel Olorunsola
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 West African Journal of Pharmacy https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2026-05-25
publication date: 2026-05-25
starting page: 116
ending page: 124
doi: 10.82351/wajp.vol37no1.453

Exploring the secondary metabolites and antioxidant capacities of methanol extract of Peperomia pellucida (L.) Kunth Leaves
type: item
description: Background: Medicinal plants remain vital in the development of natural therapeutic agents due to their rich phytochemical composition. Peperomia pellucida (L.) Kunth, a member of the Piperaceae family, is traditionally used to treat inflammation, fever, and oxidative stress-related ailments. Objective: This study evaluated the phytochemical constituents and in vitro antioxidant activities of the methanol extract of P. pellucida leaves collected from Sagamu, Ogun State, Nigeria. Method: The leaves were air-dried, pulverized, and extracted using 80% methanol. Standard qualitative and quantitative phytochemical analyses were performed to determine the presence of secondary metabolites. Antioxidant activities were assessed using Total Antioxidant Capacity (TAC), Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power (FRAP), Total Phenolic Content (TPC), and 2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging assays. Results: Phytochemical screening revealed the presence of alkaloids (9.65 ± 0.004 mg/g), terpenoids (1.65 ± 0.001 mg/g), tannins (0.97 ± 0.001 mg/g), saponins (0.70 ± 0.003 mg/g), flavonoids (0.01 ± 0.145 mg/g), and phenols (0.64 ± 0.001 mg/g). The methanol extract demonstrated notable antioxidant activity, with mean TAC (1.40 ± 0.09 mg AAE/g), FRAP (4.08 ± 0.52 mg AAE/g), and TPC (1.62 ± 0.12 mg GAE/g). The DPPH assay showed a concentration-dependent free radical scavenging effect, yielding an IC50 value of 205.38 µg/mL compared to 46.5 µg/mL for ascorbic acid. Conclusion: The findings indicate that Peperomia pellucida demonstrate measurable antioxidant potential, possibly due to its content phenolic, flavonoid, and alkaloid. This supports its traditional medicinal use and suggests its potential application as a natural antioxidant source in pharmaceutical and nutraceutical formulations. Résumé Contexte: Les plantes médicinales restent essentielles au développement d'agents thérapeutiques naturels en raison de leur riche composition phytochimique. Peperomia pellucida (L.) …
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: phytochemicals
  topic: keywords
subject: Secondary Metabolites
  topic: keywords
subject: antioxidant capacity
  topic: keywords
subject: Peperomia pellucida
  topic: keywords
subject: composés phytochimiques
  topic: keywords
subject: métabolites secondaires
  topic: keywords
subject: capacité antioxydante
  topic: keywords
creator: Elijah Oyinloye
creator: Abdullahi Murtala
creator: Farouk Oladoja
creator: Esther Adeniyi
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 West African Journal of Pharmacy https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2026-05-25
publication date: 2026-05-25
starting page: 48
ending page: 56
doi: 10.82351/wajp.vol37no1.452

Effect of concomitant administration of sildenafil citrate and selected herbal bitters on sex hormones and some biochemical indices in Wistar rats
type: item
description: Background: The increase in prevalence of male sexual dysfunction particularly erectile dysfunction has resulted in males consuming various types of products to improve their sexual life. Objective: This study was designed to determine the effect of simultaneous administration of sildenafil citrate and herbal bitters on LH and testosterone, and a few biochemical markers (urea, creatinine, ALP, AST, and ALT) in Wistar rats. Methods: Forty (40) male Wistar rats with weight range of 115 g to 125 g were divided into 8 groups. Group A was orally given distilled water and rats' feed as control, Group B was orally administered water, rats' feed and sildenafil citrate, Group C was orally administered water, rats' feed and orijin bitters, Group D was orally administered water, rats' feed and Action bitters, Group E was orally administered water, rats' feed and Coco Samba bitters, Group F was orally administered water, rats' feed and sildenafil citrate plus orijin bitters, Group G was orally administered water, rats' feed and sildenafil citrate plus action bitters and Group H was orally administered water, rats' feed and sildenafil citrate and Coco Samba bitters for 42 days. Blood samples (5 mL each) were collected from various rats and used for biochemical analysis. Results: A statistically significant increase in AST, ALT, Urea, LH and testosterone was seen across all experimental groups in comparison with the control group (p < 0.05). The result also showed a statistically significant increase in creatinine in coco samba bitters administered Wistar rats and rats given coco samba butters concurrently with sildenafil citrate (p < 0.05). Conclusion: Results obtained from this study revealed significant benefit of concomitant administration of herbal bitters and sildenafil citrate, causing an increase in LH and testosterone which can have a positive impact in men experiencing sexual disorders like erectile dysfunction. There is also potential deleterious effect of concomitant …
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Concomitant Administration
  topic: keywords
subject: Sildenafil citrate
  topic: keywords
subject: Herbal bitters
  topic: keywords
subject: Erectile dysfunction
  topic: keywords
subject: administration concomitante
  topic: keywords
subject: citrate de sildénafil
  topic: keywords
subject: bitters à base de plantes
  topic: keywords
subject: Dysfonction érectile
  topic: keywords
creator: Adebayo Ambali
creator: Peace Olawore
creator: Wasiu Olooto
creator: Oluwatosin `Soyinka
creator: Olatubosun Olawale
creator: Grace Oyewole
creator: Omololu Osho
creator: Kolawole Oritogun
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 West African Journal of Pharmacy https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2026-05-25
publication date: 2026-05-25
starting page: 57
ending page: 65
doi: 10.82351/wajp.vol37no1.451

Detection of hydrogen cyanide in selected anti-malarial plants in Southwest Nigeria
type: item
description: Background: Cyanogenic glycosides are toxic secondary metabolites produced by plants. The safety of antimalaria plant decoctions consumed by Nigerian indigenes is of great concern. Objectives: This study aimed to identify and quantify cyanogenic glycosides in selected anti-malarial plants. Methods: Phytochemical screening, qualitative and quantitative tests were carried out on each sample to detect presence of cyanide. Instrumental methods including Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) and UltraViolet Spectroscopy (UV) were employed to detect hydrogen cyanide in the plants. Data were analyzed using a standard calibration curve. Results: The yield percentages varied, Lawsonia inermis leaves had the highest yield at 10.21 % w/w. phytochemical screening indicated presence of steroids, saponins, flavonoids, and cardiac glycosides but absence of cyanogenic glycosides. Both qualitative and quantitative results showed negative cyanide concentration in all samples. FTIR analysis suggested the presence of nitriles in Lawsonia inermis, however, UV analysis confirmed the absence of cyanide. Conclusion: These findings indicate that the selected plants, do not contain harmful cyanide levels. Résumé Contexte: Les glycosides cyanogènes sont des métabolites secondaires toxiques produits par les plantes. L'innocuité des décoctions de plantes antipaludiques consommées par les populations autochtones du Nigéria suscite de vives préoccupations. Objectifs: Cette étude visait à identifier et à quantifier les glycosides cyanogènes dans certaines plantes antipaludiques. Méthodes: Des analyses phytochimiques, qualitatives et quantitatives ont été réalisées sur chaque échantillon afin de détecter la présence de cyanure. Des méthodes instrumentales, notamment la spectroscopie infrarouge à transformée de Fourier (FTIR) et la spectroscopie ultraviolette (UV), ont été utilisées pour détecter le cyanure d'hydrogène dans les plantes. Les données ont été analysées à l'aide d'une courbe d'…
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: phytochimie
  topic: keywords
subject: plantes médicinales
  topic: keywords
subject: FTIR
  topic: keywords
subject: cyanure
  topic: keywords
subject: Antipaludique
  topic: keywords
subject: phytochemical
  topic: keywords
subject: medicinal plants
  topic: keywords
subject: cyanide
  topic: keywords
subject: Anti-malaria
  topic: keywords
creator: Samuel Ibitoye
creator: Isimot Arowona
creator: Sarah Oladunni
creator: Akingbolabo Ogunlakin
creator: Rasidat Tijani
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 West African Journal of Pharmacy https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2026-05-25
publication date: 2026-05-25
starting page: 82
ending page: 94
doi: 10.82351/wajp.vol37no1.448

Design and evaluation of co-processed gelatin - guar gum as binder/disintegrant in high drug-loading paracetamol tablet
type: item
description: Background: Balancing mechanical strength and rapid disintegration required for high drug-loading immediate release tablets remain a formulation challenge especially with natural excipients. Objectives: This study investigated the effect of co-processed gelatin - guar gum on compaction and drug release properties of paracetamol tablets. Methods: Five batches (A-E) of paracetamol granules were formulated with 0:1, 4:1, 4:0.5, 5:1, and 5:0 % gelatin to guar gum using extended wet granulation. The granules were evaluated for pre-compression properties, and compressed to tablets. The tablets were evaluated for physicochemical parameters. Results: Increasing the proportion of gelatin over guar gum improved some of the granules' and tablets' 2 properties, peaking in Batch D with granules of < 22.35 ° angle of repose and linear consolidation relationship (R > 0.95), and tablets of tensile strength > 12.88 kg/cm², disintegration time < 6.23 min, drug release > 85 % after 30 min, -6 and permeability (P ) > 1 x 10 cm/s after 3 hr. app Conclusion: Balanced combination of gelatin and guar gum produced tablets with good mechanical resilience and immediate drug release properties. Further studies are needed to optimize gelatin-guar gum ratio for high drugloading immediate-release formulations. Résumé Contexte: L'équilibre entre la résistance mécanique et la désintégration rapide, requis pour les comprimés à libération immédiate à forte teneur en principe actif, demeure un défi de formulation, en particulier avec les excipients naturels. Objectifs: Cette étude a examiné l'effet d'un coprocédé gélatine-gomme guar sur les propriétés de compactage et de libération du médicament des comprimés de paracétamol. Méthodes: Cinq lots (A à E) de granulés de paracétamol ont été formulés avec des proportions de gélatine et de gomme de guar de 0:1, 4:1, 4:0.5, 5:1 et 5:0 % par rapport à la gomme de guar, par granulation humide prolongée. Les propriétés des granulés avant compression ont été éva…
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: permeability
  topic: keywords
subject: tensile strength
  topic: keywords
subject: consolidation
  topic: keywords
subject: extended-release wet-granulation
  topic: keywords
subject: Immediate-release
  topic: keywords
subject: perméabilité
  topic: keywords
subject: résistance à la traction
  topic: keywords
subject: granulation humide à libération prolongée
  topic: keywords
subject: Libération immédiate
  topic: keywords
creator: Nnabuike Nnamani
creator: Aiwaguore Obarisiagbon
creator: Eniola Abdulraheem
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 West African Journal of Pharmacy https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2026-05-25
publication date: 2026-05-25
starting page: 104
ending page: 115
doi: 10.82351/wajp.vol37no1.445

Concurrent use of herbal and prescribed medicines and the associated factors among the elderly with chronic diseases in Ogun State, Nigeria
type: item
description: Background: Herbal medicine is a vital healthcare resource in many resource-limited countries, including Nigeria. Evidence suggests that elderly patients on prescribed orthodox medications may also be using herbal medicines. However, the extent of concurrent use of herbal and prescribed medicines among elderly patients in Nigeria is unknown. Objective: This study explored the prevalence of concurrent use of herbal and prescribed medicines among elderly patients with chronic diseases in Ogun State, Nigeria. Methods: This research was a cross-sectional survey using a 16-item validated questionnaire among purposively sampled ambulatory elderly patients aged > 60 years, who had been on at least one chronic medication in 6 months preceding the study. The study was conducted at two secondary healthcare facilities in Ogun State, Southwest Nigeria. The structured questionnaire explored the participants' socio-demographic, use and experience with herbal medicines, reasons for concurrent use of herbal and prescribed medicines, and nondisclosure of concurrent use to physicians. Results: Of the 361 participants, more than three-quarters of the participants were aged 60-69 years (271; 75.1%), 246 (68.1%) had used herbs with prescribed medications concurrently and 330 (91.4%) did not experience bad effects after the use. The majority of the participants (279;77.3%) did not inform the doctor about the concurrent use of herbal and prescribed medicines. Conclusion: Concurrent use of herbal and prescribed medicines is rife among elderly patients with chronic diseases. However, the adverse effect from such use is not pronounced. The level of participants' disclosure of concurrent herbal and prescribed medicines use to doctors is low. Résumé Contexte: La phytothérapie constitue une ressource essentielle de soins de santé dans de nombreux pays à ressources limitées, y compris le Nigeria. Il semblerait que les patients âgés sous traitement médicamenteux conventionnel aient également reco…
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Nigeria
  topic: keywords
subject: Disclosure
  topic: keywords
subject: Elderly
  topic: keywords
subject: Prescribed medicine
  topic: keywords
subject: Herbal medicine
  topic: keywords
subject: Nigéria
  topic: keywords
subject: divulgation
  topic: keywords
subject: personnes âgées
  topic: keywords
subject: médicaments sur ordonnance
  topic: keywords
subject: Phytothérapie
  topic: keywords
creator: Sule Saka
creator: Eniola Oguntoyinbo
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 West African Journal of Pharmacy https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2026-05-25
publication date: 2026-05-25
starting page: 149
ending page: 160
doi: 10.82351/wajp.vol37no1.444

Comparative study of the quality of rosuvastatin tablet brands obtained from Mushin, Lagos, Nigeria.
type: item
description: Background: Quality of pharmaceuticals plays a vital role in ensuring safety and therapeutic performance. Rosuvastatin, one of the most potent statins for lowering cholesterol levels, requires strict compliance with pharmacopoeia standards to guarantee effectiveness in clinical use. Objective: This study evaluated the quality of six rosuvastatin tablet brands available in Pharmacies in Mushin, Lagos, Nigeria. Methods: Six brands of rosuvastatin calcium tablets (20 mg) obtained from local pharmacies were assessed using British Pharmacopoeia (BP) methods. Physical tests including uniformity of weight, friability, and hardness and chemical tests comprising dissolution studies in phosphate buffer (pH 6.8) using USP dissolution apparatus II, and percentage purity was determined by UV-visible spectrophotometry at 241 nm. Results: All brands complied with BP limits for uniformity of weight, hardness, and friability. However, dissolution testing revealed marked variations: only the innovator brand released more than 80 % of the drug within 30 minutes, whereas the generic brands released significantly lower amounts (5.15-60.61 %). Percentage purity also showed wide variability, ranging from 30.3 % to 131.2 %, with only the innovator (100 %) meeting BP specifications (98-102 %). Conclusion: The evaluated rosuvastatin brands met basic physicochemical requirements, but major discrepancies in dissolution and purity were observed. Such variations may compromise therapeutic efficacy and patient safety, underscoring the need for strengthened post-market surveillance and strict regulatory oversight. Résumé Contexte: La qualité des produits pharmaceutiques joue un rôle essentiel dans la garantie de leur innocuité et de leur efficacité thérapeutique. La rosuvastatine, l'une des statines les plus puissantes pour la réduction du taux de cholestérol, nécessite une conformité stricte aux normes de la pharmacopée afin d'assurer son efficacité en pratique clinique. Objectif: Cette étude a é…
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: quality assessment
  topic: keywords
subject: dissolution profile
  topic: keywords
subject: physicochemical evaluation
  topic: keywords
subject: Rosuvastatin
  topic: keywords
subject: évaluation de la qualité
  topic: keywords
subject: profil de dissolution
  topic: keywords
subject: évaluation physico-chimique
  topic: keywords
subject: Rosuvastatine
  topic: keywords
creator: Bamisaye Oyawaluja
creator: Aminat Oyawaluja
creator: Kazeem Abiola
creator: Dolapo Oladele
creator: Amedat Abibu
creator: Aderonke Adepoje-Bello
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 West African Journal of Pharmacy https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2026-05-25
publication date: 2026-05-25
starting page: 95
ending page: 103
doi: 10.82351/wajp.vol37no1.443

Acetylcholinesterase inhibition, antioxidant and chemo-profile values of Xylopia aethiopica fruit and Corchorus olitorius leaf: preliminary neurological dysfunction protection evaluation
type: item
description: Background: Xylopia aethiopica fruit (XY) and Corchorus olitorius (COR) leaf are common food-herbs in Nigeria used in the management of convulsion and enhancement of learning. Objective: The study aims to evaluate the cognitive dysfunction and neuro- protection profile of the 2 food-herbs and their solvent fractions. Method: The phytoconstituent profiles of XY and COR were evaluated using Gas chromatography-Mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The antioxidant effects of the crude extracts were determined using 1, 1-diphenyl-2- picryl-hydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging assay. An in vitro method, Ellman's colorimetric acetylcholinesterase inhibitory (AChE) assay was used to evaluate the cognitive enhancing/neuroprotective potentials of the plant crude extracts and fractions. Results: The GC-MS study of X. aethiopica and C. olitorius extracts showed that some contained phytocompounds have been documented to possess anti-convulsive, sedative, anti-inflammation and hypnotic effects. The standard drug, eserine showed statistically higher antioxidant and acetylcholinesterase inhibitory effects compared to C. olitorius leaf and X. aethiopica fruit crude extracts. Only the AChE IC , obtained for C. olitorius 50 ethyl acetate fraction (0.18 mg/mL) was lower than its crude extract value. While, the acetylcholinesterase inhibitory activities (IC ), of all X. aethiopica fruit fractions were better than that of their crude extract. Conclusion: The findings of this study suggest that the two nutritional food-herbs enhance cognitive ability and are possible agents in the management of degenerative impairments. Résumé Contexte: Le fruit de Xylopia aethiopica (XY) et la feuille de Corchorus olitorius (COR) sont des herbes alimentaires courantes au Nigeria utilisées pour la prise en charge des convulsions et l'amélioration des capacités d'apprentissage. Objectif: Cette étude vise à évaluer les troubles cognitifs ainsi que le profil neuroprotecteur de ces deux plantes alimentaires et de leurs fr…
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: inhibition cognitive impairment
  topic: keywords
subject: acetylcholinesterase
  topic: keywords
subject: Corchorus olitorius
  topic: keywords
subject: Xylopia aethiopica
  topic: keywords
subject: Neuroprotection
  topic: keywords
subject: troubles cognitifs
  topic: keywords
subject: inhibition de l'acétylcholinestérase
  topic: keywords
creator: Ifeoma Orabueze
creator: Gabriel Oludare
creator: Esther Adeyinfa
creator: Taiwo Ghazali
creator: Fortunia Orabueze
creator: Gaber Batiha
creator: George Asare
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 West African Journal of Pharmacy https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2026-05-25
publication date: 2026-05-25
starting page: 28
ending page: 47
doi: 10.82351/wajp.vol37no1.442

Adverse drug reactions to Ivermectin and Albendazole following mass drug administrations
type: item
description: ENGLISH Background: The concept of Pharmacovigilance gain worldwide attention following the thalidomide incident of the 1960s. Objectives: This study aimed at assessing the adverse drug reactions to ivermectin and albendazole recorded in the database of the National Pharmacovigilance Center for all Lymphatic Filariasis campaigns conducted in the country and to determine challenges to reporting of adverse drug reactions during such campaigns in Sierra Leone. Methods: This study was a mixed descriptive study design that involved the retrospective review of data collected during mass administration of ivermectin and albendazole for lymphatic filariasis between 1st January 2007 and 31st May 2023. A semi-structured questionnaire was administered to staff of District Health Management teams in order to identify possible challenges to the reporting of adverse drug reactions. Results: Out of the 1135 adverse drug reactions entered into the WHO database, 1.23 % (14) were considered to be serious reactions. The most common adverse reaction recorded was pruritus (9.78%). 93 (93 %) out of the 100 respondents are aware that there is drug safety monitoring programme in Sierra Leone. Eighty (80 %) of the respondents indicated that lack of training on the detection of adverse drug reactions was the major challenge to the reporting of adverse drug reactions. Conclusion: The study showed that ivermectin and albendazole have a good safety profile. Lack of training on the detection of adverse drug reactions was the major challenge to the reporting of adverse drug reactions. FRENCH Contexte: Le concept de pharmacovigilance a gagné en popularité dans le monde entier suite à l'incident de la thalidomide des années 1960. Objectifs: Cette étude vise à évaluer les effets indésirables des médicaments à l'ivermectine et à l'albendazole enregistrés dans la base de données du Centre national de pharmacovigilance pour toutes les campagnes de lutte contre la filariose lymphatique menées dans le pa…
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: District Health Management
  topic: keywords
subject: Lymphatic filariasis
  topic: keywords
subject: Mass Drug Administration
  topic: keywords
subject: Albendazole
  topic: keywords
subject: Ivermectin
  topic: keywords
subject: Adverse Drug Reactions
  topic: keywords
subject: gestion de la santé au niveau du district
  topic: keywords
subject: filariose lymphatique
  topic: keywords
subject: administration massive de médicaments
  topic: keywords
subject: albendazole
  topic: keywords
subject: ivermectine
  topic: keywords
subject: effets indésirables des médicament
  topic: keywords
creator: Sahr Gbomor
creator: Bolajoko Aina
creator: Thomas Abiri
creator: Tamba Buffa
creator: James Komeh
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 West African Journal of Pharmacy https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2026-01-27
publication date: 2026-01-27
starting page: 133
ending page: 145
doi: 10.82351/wajp.vol36no2.417

Improving Malaria Case Management: A baseline and endline assessment of community pharmacists and medicine vendors in Nigeria
type: item
description: ENGLISH Background:Nigeria accounts for about 26-27 % of the global malaria burden. Community pharmacists (CPs) and Patent & Proprietary Medicine Vendors (PPMVs) are critical players in malaria case management in the private sector. Phillips Pharmaceuticals Nigeria Limited, on behalf of the National Malaria Elimination Programme with funding from the Global Fund, delivered interventions to improve access to quality malaria care in this sector. Objective: This study assessed the effectiveness of targeted interventions aimed at improving the practices of these private providers, focusing on facility registration, use of Malaria Rapid Diagnostic Test (mRDT) kits, and adherence to national malaria treatment guidelines. Methods: A comparative study of baseline and endline data collected through structured surveys from CPs (518 - baseline; 210 - endline) and PPMVs (3,799 - baseline; 1,287 - endline) in five states in Nigeria: Gombe, Kano, Kwara, Delta and Ogun was conducted. Post-baseline, CPs and PPMVs received a two-day training and a year-long mentoring on proper malaria diagnosis using mRDTs and treatment with Artemisinin-based Combination Therapies (ACTs). Statistical analyses, including McNemar's and chi-square tests, assessed changes between baseline and endline. Results: The study showed a significant increase in registered facilities post-intervention (59 new registrations; p < 0.05, effect size = 0.076). A significant improvement was observed in the awareness of national guidelines for malaria diagnosis and treatment (from 56% at baseline to 93% at endline; p < 0.001, effect size = 0.345, 95% CI: 0.320 - 0.371). The practice of testing before treatment significantly increased (from 59% at baseline to 96% at endline; p < 0.001, effect size = 0.469, 95% CI: 0.426 - 0.513). Additionally, there was a notable shift towards the use of mRDTs and ACTs for malaria treatment (from 89% at baseline to 95% at endline; p < 0.001). Conclusion: The findings from this study poin…
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Artemisinin-based Combination Therapies (ACTs)
  topic: keywords
subject: Malaria Rapid Diagnostic Test (mRDT) Kits
  topic: keywords
subject: Private sector
  topic: keywords
subject: Malaria
  topic: keywords
subject: Thérapies combinées à base d'artémisinine (ACT)
  topic: keywords
subject: Kits de tests de diagnostic rapide du paludisme (TDRm)
  topic: keywords
subject: Secteur privé
  topic: keywords
subject: Paludisme
  topic: keywords
creator: Olufunsho Awodele
creator: Nnenna Ogbulafor
creator: Ahmad Njidda
creator: Lilian Oguguo
creator: Hameed Adelabu
creator: Kanini Waita
creator: James Ssekitooleko
creator: Chukwu Okoronkwo
creator: Kawu Issa
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 West African Journal of Pharmacy https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2026-01-27
publication date: 2026-01-27
starting page: 122
ending page: 132
doi: 10.82351/wajp.vol36no2.418

Trend analysis of rational medicine use and WHO indicators compliance at a tertiary referral hospital in Ghana
type: item
description: ENGLISH Background: Rational medicine use is critical to ensuring patient safety, cost-effectiveness, and optimal health outcomes. The World Health Organization (WHO) evaluates prescribing practices using key indicators, including antibiotic and injectable use, adherence to the Essential Medicines List (EML), polypharmacy, and documentation of patient vitals and diagnoses. Objectives: This study evaluated prescribing patterns at Sunyani Teaching Hospital (STH) against WHO standards, focusing on antibiotic and injectable use, adherence to the Essential Medicines List, polypharmacy, and documentation. Methods: A retrospective trend analysis of outpatient prescription records (2022-2024) was conducted at STH a tertiary referral facility in the Bono region of Ghana. A total of 360 cases (30 per quarter) were randomly sampled from the Lightwave Health Information Management System (LHIMS). Data were analysed using Stata version 16. Results: Proportions of prescriptions with antibiotic use (23.3%-73.3%, mean: 45%) exceeded WHO's <20 % standard. Injectable use (0%-14.9%) remained compliant. Diagnosis documentation (92.5%-100 %) and patient vitals recording (temperature: 45.8%, weight: 49.5%, blood pressure: 51.7%) fell short of WHO's 100% standard. EML adherence (80.2%-87.6%) and generic prescribing (81.2%-95.8%) were suboptimal. Polypharmacy was prevalent (mean drugs per prescription: 2.77; WHO standard: <2). Conclusion: Despite good injectable use compliance, antibiotic overuse, declining documentation of vital signs, and polypharmacy require attention. Strengthening antibiotic stewardship, improving patient assessment protocols, and implementing medication reviews are critical for optimizing prescribing practices at STH. FRENCH Contexte: L'usage rationnel des médicaments est essentiel pour garantir la sécurité des patients, la rentabilité et des résultats optimaux en matière de santé. L'Organisation mondiale de la Santé (OMS) évalue les pratiques de prescription à l'aid…
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Ghana
  topic: keywords
subject: Sunyani Teaching Hospital
  topic: keywords
subject: Trend Analysis
  topic: keywords
subject: WHO Indicators
  topic: keywords
subject: Rational Medicine Use
  topic: keywords
subject: centre hospitalier universitaire de Sunyani
  topic: keywords
subject: Analyse des tendances
  topic: keywords
subject: Indicateurs de l'OMS
  topic: keywords
subject: Usage rationnel des médicaments
  topic: keywords
creator: Bridget Boahen
creator: Doris Nyantakyi
creator: Angela Owusu-Bediako
creator: Augustine Damoah
creator: Kobina Ephraim
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 West African Journal of Pharmacy https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2026-01-27
publication date: 2026-01-27
starting page: 105
ending page: 121
doi: 10.82351/wajp.vol36no2.419